In contrast to anatomical variants, congenital malformations - synonymous with anomalies or dysplasia - are characterized by deviations not only from normal anatomical development but also from regular function. They can result from delayed development, abnormal embryogenesis or both due to spontaneous genetic mutations - this occurs in most congenital malformations of the outer and middle ear - genetic transmission and exogenous factors in about 10% of cases.

Back pain is by far the most common ailment in the working-age population, with the WHO (2023) reporting that musculoskeletal disorders occur in 80% of the general population, mostly in the 30-50 age bracket, and that with advances in technology and increasing urban culture the disease is on the rise.

The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the risk factors associated with preterm labour. Preterm labour is a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and identifying its precursors can contribute to improved prenatal care and preventive strategies. This study examined various potential risk factors and their associations with preterm labour using a case-control design. The findings shed light on the underlying factors contributing to preterm labour and can guide healthcare professionals in identifying high-risk individuals for targeted interventions.

It has been established that under conditions of chronic inflammation of the lungs with bronchiectasis in children, destructive changes predominate in the structures of innate and acquired immunity of the airways, indicating their inability to effectively perform a protective function.

Macular edema is the leading cause of vision loss in the increasingly frequent occurrence of diabetes mellitus, a true epidemic in developed countries. Diabetic macular edema is closely related to lifestyle, obesity, smoking or high blood pressure. Macular oedema is the leading cause of vision loss in people with diabetes in developed countries, and its prevalence is directly related to the duration of diabetes. Its incidence varies from publication to publication, ranging between 7.5% and 15.2%, and is more common in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin.The significance of the incidence of diabetic macular oedema is directly related to the patient's metabolic control and the presence of risk factors, as we will see below.

Back pain is by far the most common ailment in the working-age population, with the WHO (2023) reporting that musculoskeletal disorders occur in 80% of the general population, mostly in the 30-50 age bracket, and that with advances in technology and increasing urban culture the disease is on the rise.

The article describes the pedagogical technology "Assessment", which can be used in teaching dermatology on the topic of Psoriasis.

Macular edema is the leading cause of vision loss in the increasingly frequent occurrence of diabetes mellitus, a true epidemic in developed countries. Diabetic macular edema is closely related to lifestyle, obesity, smoking or high blood pressure. Macular oedema is the leading cause of vision loss in people with diabetes in developed countries, and its prevalence is directly related to the duration of diabetes. Its incidence varies from publication to publication, ranging between 7.5% and 15.2%, and is more common in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin.The significance of the incidence of diabetic macular oedema is directly related to the patient's metabolic control and the presence of risk factors, as we will see below.

Today, cardiac rhythm disturbances are quite common in the adult population. The correct tactics of outpatient management as well as timely diagnostics of heart rhythm disturbances considerably reduces the percentage of patients suffering from complications of heart rhythm disturbances, improves quality of life of patients and reduces risks of lethal outcome. The aim of our study was to detect psycho-emotional disorders among outpatients with heart rhythm disturbances who had myocardial infarction. 62 patients diagnosed with coronary heart disease (CHD), postinfarction cardiosclerosis (PICD) and various types of rhythm disturbances were studied in Samarkand 3rd family polyclinic. The mean age of the patients was 62.8±12.1 years. During the study we have established the relationship between the progression of signs of rhythm disturbances and psycho-emotional status of the patients based on the HADS score interpretation.  Conclusions: thus, our study proves that all patients, in particular myocardial infarction patients, should be tested with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - HADS already in the outpatient phase for early detection of psychoemotional disorders to reduce cardiovascular complications, as well as to provide timely targeted care already in the primary care.

The article describes the pedagogical technology "Assessment", which can be used in teaching dermatology on the topic of Psoriasis.

The results of treatment of 367 patients operated on in the proctology department of the Samarkand State Medical University, clinic No 1 during 2015-2022 are reviewed in the article, among which patients with necrotic forms of the disease amounted to 26 (7.1%) patients.  Among them 341 (92.9%) had aerobic etiology of peritoneal tissue lesions. The average age of the patients was 62.1±3.9 years.

Today, cardiac rhythm disturbances are quite common in the adult population. The correct tactics of outpatient management as well as timely diagnostics of heart rhythm disturbances considerably reduces the percentage of patients suffering from complications of heart rhythm disturbances, improves quality of life of patients and reduces risks of lethal outcome. The aim of our study was to detect psycho-emotional disorders among outpatients with heart rhythm disturbances who had myocardial infarction. 62 patients diagnosed with coronary heart disease (CHD), postinfarction cardiosclerosis (PICD) and various types of rhythm disturbances were studied in Samarkand 3rd family polyclinic. The mean age of the patients was 62.8±12.1 years. During the study we have established the relationship between the progression of signs of rhythm disturbances and psycho-emotional status of the patients based on the HADS score interpretation.  Conclusions: thus, our study proves that all patients, in particular myocardial infarction patients, should be tested with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - HADS already in the outpatient phase for early detection of psychoemotional disorders to reduce cardiovascular complications, as well as to provide timely targeted care already in the primary care.

A study of patients suffering from structural epilepsy was carried out taking into account the state of the cognitive sphere and lateralization of the epileptogenic focus. It was found that the development of cognitive dysfunction was related to a number of factors. The neurophysiological researches have shown causality of cognitive disorders with functional changes of bioelectrical activity in certain parts of the brain.

The results of treatment of 367 patients operated on in the proctology department of the Samarkand State Medical University, clinic No 1 during 2015-2022 are reviewed in the article, among which patients with necrotic forms of the disease amounted to 26 (7.1%) patients.  Among them 341 (92.9%) had aerobic etiology of peritoneal tissue lesions. The average age of the patients was 62.1±3.9 years.

Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive and difficult-to-treat brain cancer with limited therapeutic options. This study aims to design and optimize protein nanoparticles loaded with Everolimus, a potent anticancer drug, for targeted therapy of glioblastomas. The protein nanoparticles were formulated using a biodegradable protein matrix and characterized for physicochemical properties, drug encapsulation efficiency, and drug release kinetics. Cellular uptake studies were conducted to assess the internalization of nanoparticles by glioblastoma cells. The results demonstrate uniform size distribution, stable surface charge, high drug loading efficiency, sustained drug release, and efficient cellular uptake of Everolimus-loaded protein nanoparticles. This research highlights the potential of protein nanoparticles as a promising strategy for improving the treatment outcomes of glioblastomas.

Minigastric bypass is a relatively new bariatric operation that is an effective method for reducing body weight and controlling comorbidities. In minigastric bypass, a thin, narrow tube similar to the gastric sleeve in longitudinal gastric resection is excised from the stomach and a single anastomosis is placed between this sleeve and a loop of small intestine. About two metres of the small intestine is disconnected from digestion.

A study of patients suffering from structural epilepsy was carried out taking into account the state of the cognitive sphere and lateralization of the epileptogenic focus. It was found that the development of cognitive dysfunction was related to a number of factors. The neurophysiological researches have shown causality of cognitive disorders with functional changes of bioelectrical activity in certain parts of the brain.

This article presents the results of the study of changes observed in the mucosa and submucosa of the bronchial wall after inducing experimental pneumonia in rabbits. The investigation was carried out on 24 adult rabbits weighing 2-2,5 kg. The experimental rabbits were examined 3, 15, 30 days after induction of pneumonia. Data from 6-7 rabbits in each period were analysed.

Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive and difficult-to-treat brain cancer with limited therapeutic options. This study aims to design and optimize protein nanoparticles loaded with Everolimus, a potent anticancer drug, for targeted therapy of glioblastomas. The protein nanoparticles were formulated using a biodegradable protein matrix and characterized for physicochemical properties, drug encapsulation efficiency, and drug release kinetics. Cellular uptake studies were conducted to assess the internalization of nanoparticles by glioblastoma cells. The results demonstrate uniform size distribution, stable surface charge, high drug loading efficiency, sustained drug release, and efficient cellular uptake of Everolimus-loaded protein nanoparticles. This research highlights the potential of protein nanoparticles as a promising strategy for improving the treatment outcomes of glioblastomas.

Minigastric bypass is a relatively new bariatric operation that is an effective method for reducing body weight and controlling comorbidities. In minigastric bypass, a thin, narrow tube similar to the gastric sleeve in longitudinal gastric resection is excised from the stomach and a single anastomosis is placed between this sleeve and a loop of small intestine. About two metres of the small intestine is disconnected from digestion.

In patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), the main focus is currently on the pathology of the left ventricle (LV), while the right ventricle (RV) is overlooked. This is logical, since, in IHD, as a result of damage to the left parts of the heart, their remodeling, dilatation and development of heart failure (HF) occur. However, the results of studies in recent years have shown that IHD, ischemia and myocardial infarction (MI) of the pancreas, are one of the main causes of pancreatic dysfunction. Thus, in patients with lower myocardial infarction, pancreatic pathology occurs in 41.1% of cases and is a predictor of mortality in late periods after myocardial infarction, associated with the occurrence of recurrent myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis [1,15]. In general, right ventricular dysfunction is considered to be one of the strongest independent predictors of prognosis after MI, even in the absence of RV MI [2], so it is important to diagnose this pathology as early as possible. In this regard, the assessment of RV diastolic function is considered more informative, which, on the one hand, is a marker of early or latent RV dysfunction [3, 4], and on the other hand, also has independent prognostic value [2,15].

This article presents the results of the study of changes observed in the mucosa and submucosa of the bronchial wall after inducing experimental pneumonia in rabbits. The investigation was carried out on 24 adult rabbits weighing 2-2,5 kg. The experimental rabbits were examined 3, 15, 30 days after induction of pneumonia. Data from 6-7 rabbits in each period were analysed.

According to the World Health Organization, hernia of the anterior abdominal wall is one of the most common surgical diseases, it is observed among 3-7% of the population, and the disease is observed mainly among the population of working age. ( ) More than 5% of all laparotomies are complicated by the formation of postoperative ventral hernias.  , in addition, their frequency depends on the nature and urgency of the surgical intervention( ).  About 10% of all surgical interventions are the operative approach to eliminate ventral hernias (VH).  Existing traditional hernioplasty methods are not always effective in treatment.  In this case, the recurrence varies from 4.3% to 46%, with wide and large defects, the frequency can be repeated up to 60%.  In this regard, at present, various variants of allogenioplasty are the preferred method of surgical treatment, which allowed to significantly improve long-term results.  However, ongoing research in this direction, on the basis of existing diseases in patients, the selection of the optimal method as a result of the comparative approach of the operative method, the size and location of hernias, and other factors, indicate the unsatisfactory results of the treatment of such patients and indicate the relevance and social importance of this problem.

In patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), the main focus is currently on the pathology of the left ventricle (LV), while the right ventricle (RV) is overlooked. This is logical, since, in IHD, as a result of damage to the left parts of the heart, their remodeling, dilatation and development of heart failure (HF) occur. However, the results of studies in recent years have shown that IHD, ischemia and myocardial infarction (MI) of the pancreas, are one of the main causes of pancreatic dysfunction. Thus, in patients with lower myocardial infarction, pancreatic pathology occurs in 41.1% of cases and is a predictor of mortality in late periods after myocardial infarction, associated with the occurrence of recurrent myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis [1,15]. In general, right ventricular dysfunction is considered to be one of the strongest independent predictors of prognosis after MI, even in the absence of RV MI [2], so it is important to diagnose this pathology as early as possible. In this regard, the assessment of RV diastolic function is considered more informative, which, on the one hand, is a marker of early or latent RV dysfunction [3, 4], and on the other hand, also has independent prognostic value [2,15].

The paper presents data on heart damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), peculiarities of ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease development with a significant increase in the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Patients with RA are characterised by an increased risk of myocardial infarction, heart failure, rhythm disturbances, sudden cardiac death and total cardiovascular death. The possibility of fairly rapid development of myocardial dysfunction in RA patients since the manifestation of the disease, the development and progression of coronary atherosclerosis is emphasized, and when RA patients develop coronary artery lesions, the worse survival rate after suffered myocardial infarction is established.

The evidence suggests that rheumatoid arthritis is a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

According to the World Health Organization, hernia of the anterior abdominal wall is one of the most common surgical diseases, it is observed among 3-7% of the population, and the disease is observed mainly among the population of working age. ( ) More than 5% of all laparotomies are complicated by the formation of postoperative ventral hernias.  , in addition, their frequency depends on the nature and urgency of the surgical intervention( ).  About 10% of all surgical interventions are the operative approach to eliminate ventral hernias (VH).  Existing traditional hernioplasty methods are not always effective in treatment.  In this case, the recurrence varies from 4.3% to 46%, with wide and large defects, the frequency can be repeated up to 60%.  In this regard, at present, various variants of allogenioplasty are the preferred method of surgical treatment, which allowed to significantly improve long-term results.  However, ongoing research in this direction, on the basis of existing diseases in patients, the selection of the optimal method as a result of the comparative approach of the operative method, the size and location of hernias, and other factors, indicate the unsatisfactory results of the treatment of such patients and indicate the relevance and social importance of this problem.

The present study investigated the hypolipidemic effect of the ethanolic seed extract of Baccaurea ramiflora in Wister albino rats. Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and natural plant extracts have gained attention as potential therapeutic agents for managing lipid disorders. In this study, Wister albino rats were orally administered with different doses of the ethanolic seed extract for a specified duration. The lipid profile, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), was measured to assess the hypolipidemic effect of the extract.

The results demonstrated that the ethanolic seed extract of Baccaurea ramiflora significantly reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C levels, while increasing HDL-C levels in hyperlipidemic rats. These findings suggest a potential hypolipidemic effect of the extract, indicating its potential use as a natural therapeutic agent for managing dyslipidemia and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

The paper presents data on heart damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), peculiarities of ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease development with a significant increase in the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Patients with RA are characterised by an increased risk of myocardial infarction, heart failure, rhythm disturbances, sudden cardiac death and total cardiovascular death. The possibility of fairly rapid development of myocardial dysfunction in RA patients since the manifestation of the disease, the development and progression of coronary atherosclerosis is emphasized, and when RA patients develop coronary artery lesions, the worse survival rate after suffered myocardial infarction is established.

The evidence suggests that rheumatoid arthritis is a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Asthenia senile syndrome is coded R54 in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Today, the prevalence of this syndrome among elderly people worldwide is 13%, while the prevalence of "senile preadjustment syndrome" is 50%. With an unfavourable course, without early treatment and rehabilitation, senile prehospital syndrome develops into senile asthenia after 4-5 years. This syndrome is a key concept of modern gerontology.

The present study investigated the hypolipidemic effect of the ethanolic seed extract of Baccaurea ramiflora in Wister albino rats. Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and natural plant extracts have gained attention as potential therapeutic agents for managing lipid disorders. In this study, Wister albino rats were orally administered with different doses of the ethanolic seed extract for a specified duration. The lipid profile, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), was measured to assess the hypolipidemic effect of the extract.

The results demonstrated that the ethanolic seed extract of Baccaurea ramiflora significantly reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C levels, while increasing HDL-C levels in hyperlipidemic rats. These findings suggest a potential hypolipidemic effect of the extract, indicating its potential use as a natural therapeutic agent for managing dyslipidemia and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Vitis Vinifera (grape) peels and seeds extracts. The antimicrobial potential of natural plant extracts has gained significant attention due to their potential as alternatives to conventional antimicrobial agents. In this research, extracts from grape peels and seeds were obtained using suitable extraction methods. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined using various microbiological assays, including agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The results demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial and fungal strains. The findings contribute to the understanding of the antimicrobial potential of Vitis Vinifera extracts and highlight their potential applications in the development of natural antimicrobial agents.

Asthenia senile syndrome is coded R54 in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Today, the prevalence of this syndrome among elderly people worldwide is 13%, while the prevalence of "senile preadjustment syndrome" is 50%. With an unfavourable course, without early treatment and rehabilitation, senile prehospital syndrome develops into senile asthenia after 4-5 years. This syndrome is a key concept of modern gerontology.

In contrast to anatomical variants, congenital malformations - synonymous with anomalies or dysplasia - are characterized by deviations not only from normal anatomical development but also from regular function. They can result from delayed development, abnormal embryogenesis or both due to spontaneous genetic mutations - this occurs in most congenital malformations of the outer and middle ear - genetic transmission and exogenous factors in about 10% of cases.

This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Vitis Vinifera (grape) peels and seeds extracts. The antimicrobial potential of natural plant extracts has gained significant attention due to their potential as alternatives to conventional antimicrobial agents. In this research, extracts from grape peels and seeds were obtained using suitable extraction methods. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined using various microbiological assays, including agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The results demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial and fungal strains. The findings contribute to the understanding of the antimicrobial potential of Vitis Vinifera extracts and highlight their potential applications in the development of natural antimicrobial agents.

The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the risk factors associated with preterm labour. Preterm labour is a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and identifying its precursors can contribute to improved prenatal care and preventive strategies. This study examined various potential risk factors and their associations with preterm labour using a case-control design. The findings shed light on the underlying factors contributing to preterm labour and can guide healthcare professionals in identifying high-risk individuals for targeted interventions.

It has been established that under conditions of chronic inflammation of the lungs with bronchiectasis in children, destructive changes predominate in the structures of innate and acquired immunity of the airways, indicating their inability to effectively perform a protective function.