Background: Babies in newborn intensive care units (NICU) are more expected to experience hearing loss due to a wide range of risk factors, such as prematurity, low birth weight, and hyperbilirubinemia. Effects of hearing impairment among children include poor consequences in speech, linguistics, social interaction, education, intelligence abilities, and overall well-being of life. Aims & Objective: The purpose of our research was to find out the comparison of hearing loss in children 3 months to 3 years old, with and without risk factors. Methodology: Our study was conducted at the Audiology Centre, Lahore. Children age range from 3 months to 3 years; both male and female genders were included in our study. Detailed history-taking of patients was done. We did an audiological evaluation through TEOAEs, Immittance Audiometry, and Auditory Brainstem Response Audiometry in 98 children (49 in each group) with risk factors indicated by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearings (JCIH) (2007) and without risk factors. Every parent gave their consent to participate in the study. Results & Findings: The total number of children was 98; 59.6% were male and 39.4% were female. The mean age of the children was 1.86±0.73.  In the risk factor group, 77.6% of children had referred TEOAEs, while in the children without risk factor group, 34.7% of children had TEOAEs referred. In the risk factor group, 77.6% of children had hearing loss, while in the without risk factor group, 36.7% of children had hearing loss. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test reveals a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between the hearing impaired with and without risk factor groups. Conclusion: Our study reveals significant at-risk factors for childhood hearing impairment, including consanguinity, prematurity, NICU stays for more than 5 days, family history of hearing loss, meningitis, and low birth weight. This current study recommends mandatory neonatal hearing screening for early identification and management. Advances in technology and evidence-based public health approaches can help recognize, treat, and cure hearing loss.

Based on our scientific research, comparative morphological and morphometric analysis of the structure of the mucous, submucosal, muscular and serous layers of the stomach wall of rats fed palm oil, comparative analysis of the density of the mucous glands, and evaluation and comparison of their morpho-functional changes under experimental conditions using laboratory analyses allow us to develop statistical analysis indicators of the stomach wall layers.

Stroke remains one of the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide. Despite advancements in acute stroke management, many survivors experience residual impairments that significantly reduce their quality of life. Modern strategies in neurorehabilitation aim to leverage technological innovations and interdisciplinary approaches to maximize functional recovery. This article reviews the current evidence-based strategies, including robotics, virtual reality, brain-computer interfaces, and tele-rehabilitation, as well as personalized, patient-centered therapy plans. The discussion highlights clinical outcomes, challenges in implementation, and future directions in post-stroke neurorehabilitation.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues, which can lead to joint damage and disability. Understanding the prevalence and risk factors of RA, particularly in specific demographic groups, is crucial for developing effective public health strategies and interventions. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of RA in the adult population of South Korea, with a particular focus on age and sex differences. Using a cross-sectional survey, we collected data from a nationally representative sample of 1,500 adults aged 20 years and older. Results indicated a higher prevalence of RA in women, with the peak incidence occurring in those aged 50–60 years. The study also identified significant risk factors for RA, including family history, smoking, and obesity. These findings underscore the need for age- and sex-specific interventions to prevent and manage RA, particularly in high-risk groups.

Rapid urbanization has significantly contributed to deteriorating air quality across global cities. Increasing levels of air pollutants, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃), are linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This article explores the clinical implications of declining air quality due to urbanization, reviewing evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies and analyzing the mechanisms through which air pollution exacerbates cardiovascular disease. The findings emphasize the urgent need for integrative public health policies and clinical interventions to mitigate these risks.

World experience accumulated in the study of the problem from the standpoint of various fields of knowledge indicates that urolithiasis is probably the most polyetiological disease with a very complex pathogenesis. Despite the successes achieved in the treatment of urolithiasis, relapses of the disease within 5 years can occur in 50% of patients. Today, some genetic polymorphisms associated with urolithiasis are of particular interest: uromodulin, which is involved in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism and calcium metabolism. The study of the problem of urolithiasis has reached a qualitatively new level in recent years due to the use of a multidisciplinary approach and the principles of evidence-based medicine. The expansion of the study of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, the development and application of high-tech diagnostic and treatment methods have made it possible to solve many problems.