According to the analysis of the conclusions of forensic medical examinations of the teeth injuries, it has been established that the trauma of the teeth was caused by a strong blow of a blunt solid object on the tooth crown. The frontal teeth of the upper jaw and, less frequently, the lower jaw were affected. Tooth fractures were localised to the crown, neck and root of the tooth. Injuries to the maxillary central incisors were the most common.

Results of surgical treatment of patients with acute and chronic paraproctitis. These results suggest that the choice of the optimal amount and method of surgical intervention in acute paraproctitis and rectal fistula is crucial in preventing relapses and complications, and ensuring a favorable outcome in the long term. A differentiated approach to the choice of surgical intervention in patients with acute and chronic paraproctitis improves both immediate and long-term outcomes of patients in this category

Currently, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading not only in prevalence but also in mortality worldwide. It is known that old age is characterized by polymorbidity, and all concomitant conditions change the clinical picture, course and prognosis of CVDs. One of the exacerbating factors of CVD is the anaemic syndrome, particularly in the case of iron deficiency. Anaemia is also an important public health problem, as it affects quality of life, mortality and is a frequent reason for seeking medical attention. A review of the literature has demonstrated that anaemia is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease and adverse outcomes. Because the incidence of anaemia increases with age, this makes it a frequent co-morbidity of cardiovascular events. A possible mechanism seems to be an increase in sympathetic activity and cardiac output due to prolonged hypoxia-induced vasodilation, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and increased heart size and thus increased oxygen consumption. Also myocardial tolerance to low haemoglobin levels is reduced in patients with CHD compared to healthy controls. Patients should therefore be given a full examination, including obligatory determination and monitoring of haemoglobin levels. Primary measures should be directed at the etiological factor causing anaemia of varying severity. Oral and intravenous iron, as well as erythropoietin, are used as the main therapy. Despite the development of effective diagnostic and treatment regimens and a wide range of effective medicines, problems in this area are still among the most pressing.

Results of surgical treatment of patients with acute and chronic paraproctitis. These results suggest that the choice of the optimal amount and method of surgical intervention in acute paraproctitis and rectal fistula is crucial in preventing relapses and complications, and ensuring a favorable outcome in the long  term. A differentiated approach to the choice of surgical intervention in patients with acute and chronic paraproctitis improves both immediate and long-term outcomes of patients in this category

Based on the analysis of forensic medical examinations conducted for jaw fractures, it was found that they occurred more often due to domestic trauma (fight) and sharply in a fall from a height. The most typical fracture lines are the neck of the articular process, the angle of the mandible, the mental foramen, and the midline. In the case of impact with a blunt, hard object in the region of the mandible, the mechanism of displacement of fractures under the influence of the traction of the masticatory muscles is characteristic. In all cases, the upper jaw fractures were open as well as unilateral and bilateral. In unilateral upper jaw fractures, the fracture line ran sagittally along the palatal suture. The displacement of bone fragments in the upper jaw fractures depends on the force and direction of the impact; on the weight of the fragments themselves; on the strength of the masticatory (wing) muscles traction.

This study is on the effective ways of protecting infectious dieseas in the public, through use of vaccinetion . Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of vaccine. These vaccines help to stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. Every year more than 10 million children in low- and middle-income countries die before they reach their fifth birthdays. Most die because they do not have access effective interventions that would combat common and preventable childhood illnesses.In 2015, there were 134 200 measles deaths globally – about 367 deaths every day or 15 deaths every hour, to determine the social- demographic characteristic of the participant/ respondent, to identify reason why parents do refused to bring their children for immunization, We should therefore work harmoniously to ensure that every child is adequately immunized.

The course of pregnancy, thyroid status, and hormonal background were studied in 96 women with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). It was established that pregnant women have a number of maternal and fetal complications (54.8%); AIT has an adverse effect on the course of pregnancy; a high risk of miscarriage and termination of pregnancy is observed; and the thyroid hormone level is reduced and the TSH level is increased in comparison with that in healthy pregnant women. To prevent gestational complications and prematurity in women with AIT, routine blood TSH testing from early gestation is recommended.

The results of treatment using puncture vertebroplasty in 81 patients with various diseases of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are presented. The purpose of this study is to study the effectiveness of vertebroplasty in osteoporotic fractures of the thoracolumbar spine. Treatment of traumatic spinal injury is an urgent problem of modern neurosurgery. The work is devoted to the surgical treatment of uncomplicated compression fractures using the method of puncture vertebroplasty. The results of treatment of 81 victims were analyzed. The high efficiency and safety of puncture vertebroplasty were noted.

Alveolitis is one of the most frequent local complications of tooth extraction surgery, developing 2-4 days after extraction and characterized by impaired healing of the extraction site due to the destruction and/or absence of a clot, the addition of infection and the development of marked pain symptoms of varying severity [1, 2]. The prevalence of this complication is reported to be as high as 35% of possible postoperative problems (3, 5). Several other names for this pathological process - alveolar osteitis, "dry hole" - can be found in the ICD-10 and in the literature. For example, the work of J. Mamoun (2018) provides this description "the unscientific term 'dry socket' is the exposure of part or all of the bone within the socket or perimeter in the day or days after extraction due to the absence of an initial persistent blood clot or if the edges of the socket have not been covered by a layer of viable, dense, regenerating epithelium" [6]. According to clinical experience, these differences in terminology are directly related to the timing and severity of the inflammatory process. Several factors are considered to be the main causes leading to the development of this pathological condition in a dental extraction site: traumatic extraction of the tooth; inflammatory process in the periapical tissues; endodontic treatment and its complications such as fusion zone damage, root perforation; use of resorcinolinum treatment [7]. In addition, risk factors such as gender, smoking and use of oral contraceptives are also important.

In the modern world there is a constant increase in the number of fires in residential and industrial premises, transport, which leads to injuries and often fatalities [4,15]. According to data of the summary reports on activity of territorial bureaus of forensic-medical examination of the Russian Federation at fires from thermal traumas and carbon monoxide poisoning 15 918 persons were lost in 2000 and 16 416 - in 2008. It makes about 3 % from all forensic medical autopsies [5]. A similar situation is typical for the Republic of Tajikistan [11].

 By now, the causes, pathogenesis, pathomorphosis [6, 12], clinical and morphological features [1, 10], epidemiology of thermal injuries [5], combined effects of thermal and carbon monoxide [7, 9], injuries caused by mechanical effects of falling parts of a burning building and various objects [14] have been studied in sufficient detail.

With the development of medical science, the role of specialists with secondary medical education is constantly improving and increasing. Now, in order to care for the sick, they must possess more complex medical, natural science, as well as technical knowledge and skills. Therefore, the organization of pedagogical activity for the training of middle-level medical workers should be focused on the introduction of innovative technologies.

The heart is a biological pump that moves blood through a closed system of vessels, pumping about 6 litres of  blood every minute. Age-related changes in the circulatory system in old age severely limit its adaptive capacity and create conditions for developing diseases. In old and old people, the number of active capillaries per unit area is significantly reduced. Tissues and organs cease to receive the nutrients and oxygen they need, leading to starvation and disease. Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in humans.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent complication of liver dysfunction, including acute liver failure and cirrhosis. HE presents with a sHEctrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms ranging from mild cognitive impairment to coma. The diagnosis of HE is based on the characteristic anamnestic, clinical and paraclinical findings and requires the exclusion of other causes of encephalopathy . Psychometric tests are widely used in clinical practice for the early diagnosis of HE: number-letter, number- line, handwriting, arithmetic  etc. The sensitivity of psychometric tests in detecting HE is 70-80%. Although less severe, patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy are at significant risk for impaired quality of life, including increased hospitalisation and progression to manifest HE. The main aim of our study is to compare and evaluate the extent and dynamics of HE in patients with cirrhosis before and after inpatient treatment.

In this article we will review the anatomy and histology of the nasal cavity - its sections, structure and vascular and nerve supply. For experimental rhinology, the choice of a laboratory animal is very important. The scattered information on the morphology of the nose and paranasal sinuses forces the researcher to study the literature from various branches of biology (zoology, embryology, veterinary medicine, etc.) for a long time. Having analysed works describing the anatomy and morphology of the nose and paranasal sinuses in various laboratory animals.

According to the materials of the forensic medical service we have found out that inadequate medical care in the form of defects was revealed more often in the activity of obstetricians-gynecologists, as well as surgeons and traumatologists; defects of diagnosis and treatment prevailed in character; they occurred mainly due to subjective reasons, more often at the hospital stage and in the outcome they resulted in death and disability more often.

The modern endoscopic methods of treatment of gastroduodenal bleedings as well as the statistical data for 2015-2022 conducted in the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Care Andijan branch, patients with gastroduodenal bleedings and endoscopic methods of treatment used in the hospital are presented in the paper. In this article 1404 patients with the clinical picture of gastroduodenal bleedings were investigated and of them endoscopic intervention was carried out in all patients, with endohaemostasis in 97 patients.