Although Uzbek and English are not genetically related, there exist differences and similarities in their vocabularies. Latin and Greek borrowings play a significant role in developing both languages. In this regard, various linguists’ scientific perspectives are compared and examined, and an analysis has been conducted on how these features have been semantically explored thus far.

The research aimed to investigate polysemy in loanwords of socio-political lexemes. Furthermore, the following objectives were established for analysis: (1) to examine the etymology of loanwords and distinguish Latin and Greek loanwords; (2) to identify intermediary languages and their effects on meanings in recipient languages; (3) to conduct research on a specific semantic domain; (4) to analyze the similarities and differences of lexemes based on the context of official texts.

In this study, official state documents, specifically the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and in English, the laws, orders, and decisions issued by the highest authorities of countries such as Great Britain and the United States of America, are designated as the object of investigation. Contrastive analysis is employed as a method to compare the features of monosemy and polysemy of the borrowings in both languages.

The findings indicated that the English language is geographically and genealogically closer to the Latin and Greek languages, and the proportion of lexical units borrowed from these languages is substantially higher than in the Uzbek language. The research revealed differences between the current meanings of Latin and Greek borrowings in Uzbek and English languages, aspects related to the fields in which the borrowed lexemes were initially used, and the influence of intermediary languages on semantic differentiation. Additionally, it was observed that words actively used in one language are infrequently employed in the other, with their synonymous equivalents being utilized in most instances.

Sustainable development is one of the most important issues of concern to the international community in the modern era. It represents a long-term approach to achieving a balance between economic development, environmental protection, and achieving social justice. Achieving sustainable development requires coordination between various stakeholders. A mixed approach was used.

The research results showed that media, whether traditional or digital, play an important role in raising students' awareness about sustainable development issues. Media enhances students' understanding of environmental, social, and economic concepts related to sustainability.

The research showed that digital media (such as social media platforms, blogs, and interactive online content) have a greater impact in attracting the attention of university students compared to traditional media. Students tend to follow interactive digital content that presents sustainable development issues in an innovative and attractive way.

This study investigates the impact of self-explanation prompts on enhancing calculus understanding and learning outcomes. Self-explanation, a cognitive strategy where learners generate explanations for concepts or problem-solving steps, has been shown to improve comprehension and retention. In this research, we examine how the integration of self-explanation prompts in calculus instruction influences students' ability to grasp complex mathematical concepts. Through a combination of pre-and post-assessments, as well as qualitative feedback, the study assesses how self-explanation facilitates deeper understanding, error correction, and problem-solving skills. The findings suggest that students who engage with self-explanation prompts demonstrate improved performance, stronger conceptual grasp, and greater confidence in their ability to tackle calculus problems. The study underscores the potential of self-explanation prompts as an effective tool in calculus education.

The social characteristics of corruption and the specific importance of its prevention, the results of identifying corruption through a philosophical approach, the negative impact of corruption on social life, and philosophical methods for eliminating it are described.

This study investigates paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships in the translation of financial-economic texts between English and Uzbek languages. The research examines how linguistic relationships manifest in financial terminology and explores various types of synonymic relationships that emerge during translation. The methodology employs a comparative linguistic analysis approach, utilizing F. de Saussure’s theoretical framework on linguistic relationships to analyze semantic and structural relationships between language units in financial contexts. The study examines authentic financial texts and terminology from both languages to identify paradigmatic relationships and semantic equivalences.

The results demonstrate that while absolute synonyms are generally rare in language, they occur more frequently in technical financial fields, though each term typically carries subtle contextual or stylistic differences. The analysis reveals that financial terms in both English and Uzbek form complex systems of interconnected units where words function as part of a broader nominative system. The study identifies and analyzes various types of synonyms – absolute, contextual, stylistic, and emotional – showing how they operate within specific frameworks to enable precise expression of financial concepts while maintaining semantic accuracy across languages.

The research concludes that paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships play a crucial role in understanding and translating financial terminology between English and Uzbek languages. The systematic nature of these linguistic relationships proves essential for accurate translation and effective communication of financial concepts while maintaining appropriate stylistic and emotional connotations in various professional contexts. This understanding contributes to more precise and contextually appropriate translations of financial-economic texts between the two languages.

The purpose of this study is to examine mutual respect as a tool to curb indiscipline in secondary schools in Bali Nyonga, North West Region of Cameroon: implications for guidance counselling. The study employed the full-block experimental approach. The population of this study constituted four groups of respondents: 339 students, and 20 school staff. The sample was obtained through purposive sampling technique. The instruments for data collection were a questionnaire, and a semi-structured interview schedule. Data from the close ended questions was analysed using SPSS 23.0, with the aid of descriptive and inferential statistical tools while the interview was analysed thematically. The hypotheses of the study were tested using a non-parametric test (Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient) presented at 95% level of confidence interval with alpha set at 0.05 levels accepting 5% margin of error. Findings showed that in the school referred to adequately practice positive discipline, more of students 77.0% reported mutual respect confirmed by a high mean of 3.06 on 4 which is more than three times higher when compared to the school referred not to practice positive discipline with only 25.3% of students reported mutual respect, further confirmed by a low mean of 2.37. Furthermore, when mutual respect was compared in relation to students’ discipline, findings showed a significant difference in students’ discipline between the school that adequately reinforce mutual respect and the school that does not (t=13.019, p-value < 0.001). The school that adequately reinforce mutual respect has a high mean value of 19.35 plus or minus 0.20583 which implies high discipline and low indiscipline than the school that does not adequately reinforced mutual respect with a lesser mean of 15.44 plus or minus 0.21899 indicating more students’ indiscipline than students’ discipline. And hypothetically, mutual respect significantly and positively correlates with students’ discipline (R-value 0.400**, p-value < 0.001). The positivity of the coefficient value implies that students’ indiscipline is more likely to be curb / reduce when mutual respect is well promoted in the school and this prediction is high as supported with a high explanatory power of 80.6% (Cox and Snell statistics). In the school that adequately practice mutual respect, some teachers said they instill mutual respect by counselling students, promoting friendship, exercising patience, promoting self-control, follow-up students, instill consciousness in actions, teach morality, and act as a role model for the students to emulate. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and alternative hypothesis that states mutual respect as a positive discipline approach significantly help to curb indiscipline in secondary schools was accepted. Therefore, it is recommended that the state through the Ministries of Education should include positive discipline in the curriculum of teacher training institutions. This will enhance their commitment in the teaching learning process. The Regional Delegations of secondary education should include positive disciple as a requirement for professional development programs, seminal and workshops to equipe teachers with the tools and knowledge of positive discipline in the classroom. The knowledge of Positive discipline will enhance teacher ‘s and guidance counselors the abilities to identify students with needs.

This comparative linguistic study delves into the semantic and cultural representations of the concept of “tradition” in Uzbek and Russian languages. Employing methodologies such as semantic field analysis, cognitive linguistics, and corpus linguistics, the research elucidates how “tradition” is lexically encoded and culturally contextualized within these distinct ethno-linguistic frameworks. The findings reveal that the Uzbek term “an’ana” predominantly conveys communal and familial customs, reflecting the society’s collectivist ethos, whereas the Russian «традиция» encompasses a broader spectrum, including institutional conventions, indicative of a more centralized cultural narrative.

This scientific article is devoted to the theoretical foundations of raising children in the family, studies scientific works on upbringing, and provides analytical conclusions. It focuses on the fact that in the era of globalization and integration of cultures of the 21st century, preserving and fostering nationality is the task of the science of upbringing in passing it on to future generations, and highlights the reforms carried out by our state and their results.

The concept of color is versatile in meaning.  In particular, the figurative meanings and symbolic uses of colors vary from society to society and from person to person. A world without color is unimaginable and bleak. That is why there has never been a time when colors did not fascinate humanity. Every civilation has myths and associations about color. This article aims to explain with examples the symbolic meaning of white color in birth, wedding and mourning ceremonies, which are stated as transition periods of life in Turkish folklore.