In contemporary society, the prevalence of cohabiting couples who live together without formal legal marriage continues to grow, presenting both social and psychological challenges. These partnerships, while increasingly normalized, often lack the structural and legal stability traditionally afforded by marriage. This article examines the socio-psychological characteristics of unmarried cohabiting couples, exploring factors that contribute to their avoidance of legal marriage such as individual autonomy, financial constraints, and prior trauma. It discusses the psychological vulnerabilities these couples may face, including diminished trust and emotional insecurity, as well as the implications for children raised in such family environments. Drawing upon theories of psychosocial development and attachment, the article highlights how the absence of clearly defined relational roles may hinder both individual and familial development. Finally, it outlines practical interventions—legal, psychological, and social—that can support the stability and well-being of these non-traditional family structures through counseling, education, and targeted social programs.

The integration of refugee populations into host countries presents challenges, particularly in the context of professional qualifications and employment. One such issue is the phenomenon of "brain waste," where internationally trained professionals, such as medical graduates, are underemployed or employed in jobs that do not align with their qualifications. This scoping review examines the prevalence, causes, and consequences of brain waste among Afghan and Arab refugee medical graduates. By analyzing existing literature, we seek to understand the barriers these individuals face in pursuing their careers in medicine, the impact on their mental health, and the implications for host countries’ healthcare systems. The findings indicate that despite high levels of education and training, refugee medical graduates experience significant obstacles in having their credentials recognized, leading to underemployment, professional stagnation, and a loss of human capital. Further research is needed to explore solutions and policy changes to mitigate brain waste.

The paper considers psychological and sociological aspects of the male image formation via barber style - a set of hair and beard care routines that join aesthetics with historical tradition and social functions. The paper sets out to trace mechanisms through which barber style can affect self-esteem, social perception, and professional success, while also reviewing cultural and historical factors in the choice of style. The study is relevant because visual self-expression acquires ever greater importance in the context of social and professional competition, where the image forms an integral part of non-verbal communication. Scientific novelty is expressed in the combination of retrospective analysis (from ancient barbershops to modern-day practices) with data from sociological surveys aimed at establishing the role played by barber style as an identity management tool. The methodical base was ten sources: academic articles, web publications, and sociological studies were analyzed. Main findings emphasize that barber style serves a dual function: it boosts self-esteem through the creation of a controlled external image and forms a socially acceptable image regarding professional and cultural norms. Cultural differences make their point: conservative styles dominate in Western corporate environments, in other areas preferences are determined by religious or subcultural aspects. Practical advice would be to adapt the style to the context (classic haircuts for work, creative ones for self-expression) and regularly visit barbershops as an emotionally releasing ritual. This will be of use to psychologists, sociologists, specialists in the beauty industry, and HR managers who wish to help optimize the corporate image by understanding the role of visual self-expression in a professional environment.

This article traces the emergence and development of terminology research in China, and argues that terminology research in China has gone through three historical periods: from the study of scientific and technological translation theory, the study of terminology ontology to the systematic, comprehensive and healthy development, and focuses on its representative characteristics. The paper describes the development process and status of terminology from two aspects: theoretical research and applied research. The research in terminology theory arose from the need to normalize scientific and technical terminology, and the theory of terminology guided and enriched the practical work. In the field of applied research, we combined the theory of terminology with China’s national conditions and widely applied it in the practical work of normalizing nouns and terminology, and gradually penetrated into the fields of news publishing, foreign language translation and dictionary compilation, achieving great results.

This article analyzes the role of innovative methods in primary education, their theoretical foundations, and practical application. In modern society, in order to increase the effectiveness of education, new approaches such as blended learning, gamification, open discussions and debates, as well as methods like STEM and STEAM, are widely used alongside traditional teaching methods. The article highlights the advantages of these methods, their connection with pedagogical theories, and effective ways to implement them in the classroom.

This study entitled “Diversity Assessment of Pteridophytes: Species Richness, Environmental Correlates and Its Uses in Hinulugan Falls” aimed to identify the different species of Pteridopytes, determine the species richness and environmental correlated and to determine its ethno-medicinal uses. Opportunistic random sampling technique or visual encounter technique and transect walk technique were used to gather data. Species identification were identified with the help of Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines and diversity of pteridophytes were determined using Simpson’s Diversity Index. Environmental correlates or predictor such as soil analysis and soil pH was done on laboratory with the assistance from the Municipal Agriculture Office.

Fourteen (14) species of pteridophytes were found in Hinulgan Falls. Among the types of habitat identified, the higher species richness of Pteridophytes were in the lower stream and the lowest species richness were at the upper stream. Furthermore, in terms of diversity index the highest diversity index were at the lower stream and the midstream and the lowest diversity index were at the upper stream.

Among the pteridophytes collected from site were used to cure common ailments such as wounds and skin disease and were applied directly using the leaves of the plants. The pteridophytes have higher species richness in lower and midstream in loamy type of soil having a soil ph of 4.9-5.0 which is acidic and have lowest species richness in upperstream with a clay loamy types of soil with a ph of 6.8 which is slightly acidic. Such environmental predictors such as soil type and soil ph have no impact on the species richness and diversity of pteridophytes.

This study entitled “Diversity Assessment of Pteridophytes: Species Richness, Environmental Correlates and Its Uses in Hinulugan Falls” aimed to identify the different species of Pteridopytes, determine the species richness and environmental correlated and to determine its ethno-medicinal uses. Opportunistic random sampling technique or visual encounter technique and transect walk technique were used to gather data. Species identification were identified with the help of Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines and diversity of pteridophytes were determined using Simpson’s Diversity Index. Environmental correlates or predictor such as soil analysis and soil pH was done on laboratory with the assistance from the Municipal Agriculture Office.

Fourteen (14) species of pteridophytes were found in Hinulgan Falls. Among the types of habitat identified, the higher species richness of Pteridophytes were in the lower stream and the lowest species richness were at the upper stream. Furthermore, in terms of diversity index the highest diversity index were at the lower stream and the midstream and the lowest diversity index were at the upper stream.

Among the pteridophytes collected from site were used to cure common ailments such as wounds and skin disease and were applied directly using the leaves of the plants. The pteridophytes have higher species richness in lower and midstream in loamy type of soil having a soil ph of 4.9-5.0 which is acidic and have lowest species richness in upperstream with a clay loamy types of soil with a ph of 6.8 which is slightly acidic. Such environmental predictors such as soil type and soil ph have no impact on the species richness and diversity of pteridophytes.

In the history of the formation and development of scientific thought in the study of natural phenomena and objects, theoretical and experimental approaches remain the main research methods. In this case, the process of knowledge (scientific) priority belongs to the experimental method. As you know, a real experiment “is a matter of decrees before nature” and nature itself answers it.

Generalization of experimental data is empirical knowledge - the foundation of natural sciences [2].

This article examines the influence of mental arithmetic on the development of mathematical abilities. This domain represents a fundamental cognitive function that underpins mathematical thinking. Over the past decades, interest in this issue has significantly increased due to advancements in neuroscience, psychology, and educational technologies. However, despite extensive research, unresolved questions remain regarding the neural mechanisms underlying mental calculations, the impact of external factors on arithmetic performance, and the effectiveness of various training methods. The objective of this study is to systematize contemporary scientific perspectives on mental arithmetic and its effects on the development of mathematical abilities. A review of the literature reveals that researchers employ a wide range of approaches, from neuroimaging techniques to cognitive experiments focused on the role of auditory and visual stimuli. Nonetheless, scientific debates persist concerning the neuropsychological models of mental arithmetic, its interaction with working memory, and attentional processes. It is concluded that mental arithmetic is a complex, multifaceted process influenced by both individual characteristics and external conditions. The author’s contribution lies in proposing a conceptual framework for understanding the impact of mental arithmetic on the development of mathematical abilities. These findings will be of interest to psychologists, neuroscientists, educators, and developers of mathematical training programs.

This article examines the application of schema therapy in combination with genogram analysis to reduce intergenerational trauma in forced migrants. The study addresses the issue of negative beliefs transmitted from older generations to younger ones. The novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive examination of historical factors that have influenced the social adaptation of these groups. The text provides an analysis of existing developments in migration psychology. The collected data confirm that inherited patterns of anxious perception reduce the ability to establish connections within a new community. The study describes mechanisms for involving family members in the therapeutic process, explores family histories, and analyzes clinical recommendations and expert experiences. The aim of the research is to demonstrate that combining targeted interventions for inherited beliefs with practices that activate internal resources contributes to the more successful integration of forced migrants into a new environment. To achieve this goal, comparative and analytical methods were used. The conclusion outlines promising directions for therapeutic support for families in high-vulnerability zones. This material is intended for psychologists, migration sociology specialists, and the academic community. The proposed conclusions are based on a review of literature sources.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of recruitment and selection on teachers’ effectiveness in public Anglo-Saxons higher education institutions of Cameroon. With lone objective to examine the relationship between recruitment and selection and teachers’ effectiveness in public Anglo-Saxon higher education institutions in Cameroon.The survey research design using the mixed methods was chosen for the study. The population of the study is comprised of all the staff and administrators in the universities of Buea and Bamenda, which are the two Anglo-Saxon state universities in Cameroon.The target population of the study consists of full-time lecturers irrespective of their faculties and departments in the University of Buea and Bamenda with an accessible population of 456 academic staff and administrators selected from six faculties in the Universities of Buea, and four faculties from the University of Bamenda. Thesample size consists of 436 lecturers with 20 administratorsgiving a total sample size of 456 participants. The four-point Likert scale response option questionnaires were used for data collection from lecturers, while the instruments for administrators were structured interview. Data from the questionnaires was analysed using SPSS 23.0, with the aid of descriptive and inferential statistical tools while the interview wasanalysed thematically. The Spearman’s rho was used to test the lone research hypotheses formulated in the study.Findings showed that descriptively, 91.7% of lecturers indicated that reward system influences teacher’s effectiveness in public Anglo-Saxons higher education institution of Cameroon while 8.3% said reward system does not influence teacher’s effectiveness. Among the participants that reiterate reward system influences teacher’s effectiveness, many said individual lecturers are publicly recognized for brilliant work output, gifts are often given to outstanding lecturers, lecturers are often given incentives, only hard-working lecturers are promoted to higher heights, there is equity and fairness in the reward of lecturers, teacher’s output at work is rewarded accordingly. Which help them to Stay focus, perform better and motivate lecturers. And many of the administrators’ said lecturers are satisfied with the reward system in the faculty. Finally, the hypothetical statistics showed that there is a significant, positive and week reward system and teachers’ effectiveness in public Anglo-Saxons higher education of Cameroon (R- value 0. .003, p-value < 0.946 < 0.05). The positive sign of the correlation value implies that reward system will contribute to the enhancement of teachers’ effectiveness in public Anglo-Saxons higher education of Cameroon. Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected while the alternative that states there is a significant relationship between reward system and teachers’ effectiveness in public Anglo-Saxons higher education of Cameroon was accepted.In this regard the researcher generally recommended that institutions should priorities the recruitment processes to enhance educational outcomes. This can be achieved through; Implementing stringent selection criteria that assess both academic qualifications and teaching competencies can lead to better hiring decisions.