This study examines the extensive environmental impacts of war practices within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, focusing on land degradation, water contamination, air pollution, and marine biodiversity loss. The analysis highlights the severe and lasting consequences of military conflicts on the region's ecosystems, natural resources, and public health. In particular, the study underscores the critical role of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in mitigating these impacts by emphasizing the protection of the environment during armed conflicts. The findings reveal that significant land degradation in Iraq and Kuwait has led to reduced agricultural productivity, while water contamination in the Arabic Gulf and other key water bodies poses serious risks to human health and economic stability. Air pollution resulting from the burning of oil wells and other war-related activities has had profound health impacts, and marine pollution has resulted in substantial biodiversity loss, particularly in species such as the Green Turtle and coral reefs. The study also identifies several limitations, including variability in data availability and the need for enhanced long-term environmental monitoring. The implications for environmental governance are profound, as the study calls for stronger regional cooperation and the integration of environmental considerations into both military planning and post-conflict recovery efforts, in line with the principles of IHL. By prioritizing environmental sustainability in conflict prevention and resolution, the GCC region can mitigate future environmental impacts and ensure the long-term health of its ecosystems.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the key factors driving Uzbekistan's economic transformation: industrialization, innovation, and infrastructure development. By examining historical trends, current strategies, and future prospects, the study highlights the crucial role these elements play in the country's sustainable development. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative case studies, to offer a comprehensive overview of Uzbekistan’s progress in these areas. The findings underscore the importance of continued investment, regulatory improvements, and international cooperation to achieve long-term economic goals.

This study takes a unique approach by examining the significance of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) in preserving the environment and managing resources in Cross Rivers State, Nigeria. The objective is to identify and record various Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) activities, examine their connection to environmental practices, and evaluate their potential for inclusion into formal conservation initiatives. The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, drawing on Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and cultural ecology frameworks. Qualitative data collection entails conducting comprehensive interviews and participant observation within specific Indigenous groups. Quantitative data collection involves conducting ecological assessments in partnership with local experts. Data analysis employs thematic analysis for qualitative data and descriptive and inferential statistics for quantitative data. The findings indicate that Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) have a major impact on the utilization of resources, decision-making processes, and environmental outcomes in Cross River State. Traditional farming practices, forest management techniques, water conservation measures, medical expertise, and cultural practices all have a role in the sustainable management of resources and the protection of biodiversity. The study also highlights the difficulties and possibilities of incorporating Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) into official conservation plans. It emphasizes the importance of policy support, community involvement, and the development of skills and knowledge. The findings of this study indicate that Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) have a pivotal role in the preservation of the environment and the sustainable management of resources in Cross River State. The report suggests that to fully harness the potential of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) for sustainable development, it is important to focus on several key areas. These include improving policy frameworks, increasing community involvement, investing in capacity building, promoting research and documentation, integrating IKS into education, addressing economic obstacles, and establishing monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.

This article describes the importance of commercial banks in the development of economic sectors, the theoretical basis of ensuring the financial stability of commercial banks, the role of commercial banks in strengthening the financial supply of corporate structures. Financial stability trends of commercial banks in the Republic of Uzbekistan were analyzed in the last five years. Scientific proposals and recommendations on ensuring and strengthening the financial stability of commercial banks have been developed.

This study delves into the spatial inequalities within the Tehran Metropolis, exploring the socio-economic and geographic disparities that characterize this rapidly urbanizing region. Utilizing a combination of quantitative data analysis and spatial mapping techniques, the research identifies key areas of inequality in terms of access to essential services, housing, employment opportunities, and environmental quality. The findings reveal significant disparities between different districts, highlighting the uneven distribution of resources and opportunities. The study also examines the underlying factors contributing to these inequalities, such as urban planning policies, socio-economic segregation, and historical development patterns. The implications of these spatial inequalities are discussed, with a focus on their impact on the quality of life and social cohesion in Tehran. The research concludes with policy recommendations aimed at addressing and mitigating spatial inequalities, promoting a more equitable urban environment for all residents of the metropolis.

The article examines the public debt in the GDP of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the cost of servicing the public debt in the state budget revenues and their dynamics, and also, based on the method of econometric analysis, reveals the relationship between the change in the share of public debt in GDP and the change in the level of threats to the economic security of the country.

In recent years, retail trade around the world has demonstrated significant growth and adaptation to external factors, including the explosive growth of online commerce. In this environment, the design and implementation of omnichannel loyalty programs are becoming a key aspect for retailers seeking to increase customer satisfaction and retention. Omnichannel allows brands to interact with customers through various channels — both online and offline- which allows them to significantly increase their market presence and adapt to changing consumer preferences. The article discusses the main stages of the development and implementation of omnichannel loyalty programs, including customer needs analysis, customer base segmentation, strategy, and reward system development, as well as data integration and IT architecture. Successful implementation examples and statistical data confirm the effectiveness of the omnichannel approach, which increases Lifetime Value (LTV) and total sales, making it an integral element of modern retail.

Financial inclusion is the provision of financial services to individuals with the best quality, lowest cost, and highest possible protection, or it is the circumstance in which individuals can obtain various financial services of high quality and lowest price, in addition to the appropriate method of dealing with individuals and preserving their dignity. This research focused on a significant segment of society: older people from 50 to 70 years old. What are the financial and banking services that they use, and what is the role of banks in attracting them to use their services and not resort to informal channels? The most critical factor in raising financial inclusion is increasing the percentage of the population dealing with banks, and the elderly segment is not a negligible percentage.

This article describes the practical importance of developing the national economy by attracting investments. Scientific approaches expressed by economists on the importance and necessity of portfolio investments in the economy are presented. The dynamics of the investments attracted to the national economy and the trends of change over the years are analyzed. The share of portfolio investments as part of attracted investments was studied. Scientific recommendations on the promotion of attracting portfolio investments to the national economy have been developed.

This study examines the diverse scenarios within the tourism industry and their economic impact on the urban landscape of Tabriz. As one of Iran's most historic and culturally significant cities, Tabriz stands as a pivotal case for understanding the interplay between tourism and urban economic development. Utilizing a combination of quantitative data analysis and qualitative assessments, this research investigates how different tourism scenarios—ranging from cultural heritage tourism to modern leisure tourism—affect various economic indicators, including employment rates, local business growth, and municipal revenues. The findings reveal that strategic investments in the tourism sector can significantly enhance urban economic vitality, though the outcomes vary depending on the type and scale of tourism initiatives implemented. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners aiming to harness tourism as a driver of sustainable economic growth in Tabriz.

This article focuses on the role and relevance of joint stock companies in the development of the capital market. The possibilities of diversifying the mechanism of financing the activities of joint-stock companies through the development of the national capital market have been studied. In the following years, the stock market trading volume, the participation of joint-stock companies in stock trading was analyzed. Scientific proposals and comments on the development of the national capital market are presented.

Economic analysis plays a pivotal role in managerial decision-making processes. This analysis is predicated on deeply understanding economic forces and market factors influencing corporate strategies and decisions. This paper delves into the role of economic data analysis in managing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to make strategic decisions and enhance performance. The study underscores the significance of this approach and its impact on corporate outcomes. The research analyzes annual reports from three companies: Al-Mahfaza for Mobile and Internet Financial Payment and Settlement Services Company Limited, Al-Arab for Electronic Payment Company, and Iraq Electronic Gateway for Financial Services Company. The paper concludes by drawing key findings from this analysis.