Volume 8.
Issue 10.

The Ayurvedic concept of Shatkriya Kala represents a systematic framework for understanding the sequential development, progression, and clinical manifestation of diseases. Rooted in classical Ayurvedic principles, this concept describes six progressive stages of disease evolution: Sanchaya (accumulation), Prakopa (aggravation), Prasara (dissemination), Sthana-Samshraya (localization), Vyakti (clinical manifestation), and Bheda (differentiation or complication). Unlike disease models that primarily emphasize the identification of established clinical symptoms, Shatkriya Kala provides a stage-oriented perspective in which pathological changes are recognized as progressive processes influenced by Dosha, Dhatu, Agni, and Srotas. The present review aims to examine the theoretical foundation, functional organization, and clinical significance of Shatkriya Kala as an integrated model of Ayurvedic etiopathogenesis. A conceptual narrative review approach was adopted through examination and synthesis of the thirteen references supplied, including classical Ayurvedic texts, foundational publications, and contemporary discussions of disease progression. The analysis identifies the six stages as an interconnected pathological sequence that provides a theoretical basis for understanding early disturbances, disease localization, clinical presentation, and subsequent complications. The framework also emphasizes the importance of early recognition and stage-specific therapeutic planning. However, its contemporary application requires clearer operational definitions, standardized clinical indicators, and systematic validation. Shatkriya Kala therefore offers a valuable conceptual architecture for studying Ayurvedic pathogenesis and developing structured approaches to preventive and individualized healthcare.

This article examines the possibilities of studying phraseological units and proverbs containing culinary components from a comparative linguocultural perspective, drawing on materials from Uzbek, English, and Russian. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that food-related concepts, including bread, salt, tea, pilaf, meat, and other culinary elements, are closely associated with people’s everyday lives while also reflecting their cultural values, social relationships, moral norms, and historical experiences.The study employs comparative analysis, componential analysis, linguocultural interpretation, and contextual analysis to identify the semantic, figurative-motivational, national-cultural, and pragmatic characteristics of phraseological units. Uzbek expressions such as “tuz-nonini yemoq” and “qozonga yaqin yursang, qorasi yuqadi” are compared with English expressions such as “bread and butter,” “too many cooks spoil the broth,” and “spill the beans,” as well as Russian expressions such as “не хлебом единым жив человек” and “кашу маслом не испортишь.”The findings make it possible to distinguish universal and culture-specific semantic layers of culinary components, determine degrees of translation equivalence, and identify cultural codes embedded in language. The study also highlights the role of proverbs and phraseological units in preserving national worldviews, transmitting cultural knowledge across generations, and facilitating intercultural communication.

This study investigated the impact of psychosocial factors on the career development of working women and its implications for counselling in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon. It examined four factors: social identity, self-image, communication strategies and educational status. The study was guided by Holland's theory of career choice (1959), Ginzberg et al.'s theory of career development (1951), Erikson's psychosocial theory (1968), the Theory of Work Adjustment (Dawis, 2005) and Super's life-span, life-space theory. The correlational survey design was used. From a target population of 390 working women and 28 employers in government, lay private and denominational institutions, a sample of 300 working women and 15 employers was drawn using purposive and simple random sampling. Data were collected with a 40-item questionnaire and an interview guide. Quantitative data were analysed with descriptive statistics, the Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple linear regression; qualitative data were analysed thematically. Social identity (r = .180, p = .002) and communication strategies (r = .213, p < .001) were significantly and positively related to career development, while self-image (r = .112, p = .053) and education (r = .111, p = .055) were not. Together, the four factors explained a small but significant share of the variance in career development (R² = .065, F(4, 295) = 5.149, p = .001), with communication strategies the only significant unique predictor (β = .161, p = .010). The study proposes three counselling modules: a gender-sensitive career counselling framework, communication and resilience-building workshops, and an institutional advocacy strategy for Fako Division.

This article analyzes the theoretical foundations and methodological mechanisms for developing the competence of teaching staff in using innovative educational technologies. The aim of the study is to develop a conceptual model designed to develop the competence of educators in selecting innovative technologies, adapting them to the educational content, implementing them in practice, and evaluating their results.

Overview: Concerns about hate speech and its implications for social cohesion, public discourse, and the safety of targeted communities have been intensified by the rapid expansion of social media, particularly in Iraq owing to its social, cultural, and linguistic diversity, as well as its experience of severe sectarian conflict and communal violence during 2006–2007. Hence, it is important to examine social cohesion and harmful intergroup discourse in contemporary digital environments without assuming a direct causal relationship between past conflict and present-day online hate speech.

Gap: Machine learning and Transformer-based hate-speech detection frameworks have significantly advanced in recent times; however, the reliable identification of hate speech in Iraqi social-media discourse remains challenging since online communication in the country often involves dialectal variation, informal and non-standard spelling, code-mixing, sarcasm, implicit and coded expressions, and deliberate linguistic obfuscation. These context-dependent and dialect-sensitive characteristics may not be adequately captured by generic language representations, and classification performance alone may fail to provide enough insight into model explainability, generalization across different forms of Iraqi online discourse, and robustness to linguistic manipulation. Hence, there is a need for a framework that can combine contextual understanding, dialect sensitivity, explainability, and robustness for the Iraqi context.

Contributions: A context-aware and explainable hate-speech detection framework has been proposed in this study for deployment across Iraqi social media; the methodology of the proposed framework dynamically combines contextual and dialect-specific information for hate-speech classification by integrating Iraqi-aware text preprocessing, contextual Transformer representations, dialect-sensitive feature learning, and an adaptive fusion mechanism. The system also incorporates Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) for identifying the linguistic elements contributing to model predictions; robustness analysis evaluates model behavior under realistic linguistic variations and obfuscation strategies. In addition to the computational contribution, an interdisciplinary AI–policy framework is also incorporated, wherein anonymized and aggregated hate-speech patterns can provide empirical evidence for parliamentary and public-policy analysis. The legislative and oversight role of the Iraqi Council of Representatives in addressing online hate speech was also examined in consideration of freedom of expression, privacy, explainability, responsible digital governance, and human oversight.

Conclusion: An integrated approach that connects Iraqi-contextualized hate-speech detection with explainable and robust artificial intelligence and parliamentary policy analysis has been proposed in this study, wherein AI is positioned as an empirical research and decision-support instrument rather than a mechanism for automated censorship, punishment, or legal determination. A combination of linguistic adaptation, contextual modeling, explainability, robustness assessment, and aggregated policy-oriented evidence in the proposed methodology provides an experimentally testable and socially responsible foundation for analyzing hate speech in Iraqi social media and supporting evidence-informed parliamentary and public-policy analysis.

This article presents a model for improving and implementing software to develop students' digital and technological competence. The novelty lies in integrating pedagogical and digital technologies into a unified model. The study employs system analysis, modeling, and comparative analysis. The findings confirm improved effectiveness in developing students' professional competencies.

The book "A Comprehensive Study of the History of Islam as a Global Civilization" by historian Marshall Hodgson aims to provide an in-depth and extensive study of the history of Islam, not only from a religious perspective but as a global civilization with a wide impact in various fields such as politics, culture, economics, and science. Hodgson focuses on how Islamic civilization developed over the centuries, what made it one of the greatest civilizations in history, and how it contributed to the development of global thought. He moves away from the traditional narrow view that only emphasizes religious aspects, presenting Islam as an integrated civilization. The book highlights how Islamic civilization interacted with and influenced other cultures throughout history, particularly in intellectual, philosophical, and scientific fields, and how these factors shaped the development of the Islamic society and its interaction with the world. Overall, the book aims to encourage readers to think of Islam and its civilization in a comprehensive and global manner, surpassing the limited perceptions that may exist in certain cultural or academic circles.

The professional competence of future road engineers depends not only on technical knowledge but also on their ability to explain engineering problems orally, prepare accurate written documents, and communicate decisions to colleagues, contractors, public authorities, and road users. This article proposes a methodological framework for developing these oral and written technical communication skills through digital tools. The framework integrates learning management systems, collaborative documents, discussion forums, mobile field-data applications, audio-video submissions, electronic portfolios, and rubric-based feedback with authentic road-engineering tasks. The proposed process includes baseline diagnosis, modelling of professional examples, structured digital practice, formative feedback, revision, and evaluation. Five competency dimensions are identified: technical oral explanation, professional technical writing, collaborative communication, digital professionalism, and audience awareness. Sample activities and assessment indicators are provided for road-defect inspection, traffic-safety proposals, site-team coordination, and public-facing explanations. As no new participant dataset or measured intervention results were supplied for this article, the framework is presented as a design-oriented methodological proposal rather than as proof of experimental effectiveness. The article concludes with implementation recommendations and directions for empirical validation.