Gumbad-E-Raisan The Domes Of Silence In Chitral
Arshad Irfan , District Coordinator At Interactive Research And Development, Chitral, PakistanAbstract
Gumbad Raisan “The Domes of Silence” is the title of a research-based article on burial rituals, architecture, and material culture of Rais dynasty. In sixteenth-century CE, Rais rulers ruled the northern regions of Pakistan bordering with Central Asia, in Chitral, Gilgit. The monument of Gumbad Raisan was initially documented and depicted by a local chronicler Mirza Ghufran in 1921 CE and described the burial as Dakhma. This article includes brief definitions of the word Dakhma, its origin, and the historical background. It also gives circumstantial information about the indigenous people of the eastern Hindu Kush, their religion and the ruling elites of the regions. The ancient history of this region is seemed to be muzzling, this article concludes some historical shreds of evidence of ancient history of Chitral.
Keywords
Gumbad, Zoroastrianism, Dakhma, Rais, Chitral
References
Uddin, Mueez. H, History and Antiquties of District Ghizar,case study of Tehsil Punyal, Gilgit Baltistan. PhD thesis Archeology Department Peshawar University 2015 CE.
Boyce, Mary (1984),Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism , Manchester UP.
”Herodotus,The Histories, Book 1 , chapter 140”
https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-vii.
Uddin, Azhar. Interviewed by Arshad Irfan. 9th September 2016 CE
Ali, Farman. Interviewed by Arshad Irfan 12th September 2016 CE
Cantera, Alberto (2015), ”Avesta II: Middle Persian Translations”, Encyclopedia Iranica, New York: Encyclopedia Iranica online.
Strabo, and Duane W Roller. The Geography of Strabo. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 51
Tusi, Abdul Qasim Ferdowsi ,1010 CE. Shah Nama Ferdosi, Sang-e- meel Publication Lahore 2013, Trans Alexander Roger 1906 CE
Matboboev, B.X.The culture of the first medieval period of ancient Fergana . Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences. Samarkand University, 2009 CE
Jettmar, Karl. Iranian Influence on the culture of Hindu Kush, 1970 CE selected paper from Hindukush culture conference held at Moesgart 1970 S.39-43
Toshaliev, Kakhramon. The Dakhmas of Central Asia and Some Considerations. Termez University Termez Uzbekistan 2019 CE, Publications, The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 2020 CE.
https://central-asia.guide/uzbekistan/destinationsuz/ karakalpakstan/chilpik-dakhma/
C. E. Bosworth, ḤUDŪD AL-ʿĀLAM, in Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition, s.v.
Dughlat, Mirza Muhammad Haider, 1546 CE. Tarikh Rashidi edited by N.Elias & Translated by E.Denison Ross 2nd edition London Curzon, 1898 CE
Parpola, A., 2015.The roots of Hinduism: the early Aryans and the Indus civilization . Oxford University Press, USA.
Ghufran, Mirza.Tarikh Chitral Farsi . India -1921 CE
Murtaza, Ghulam. Nayi Tarikh Chitral, Public Art press Publication Peshawer 1962 CE
Ghaffar, Abdul. Interviewed by Arshad Irfan. 3rd March 2021CE
Holzworth, Wolfgang. Chitral History, 1540-1660 CE: Comments Sources and Historiography, Proceedings of the Second International Hindukush Conference, Oxford Publication 1996 CE, and Edited by Elena Bashir and Israr ud din 1996, 117-135.
Siyar, Mirza. Shah nama Siyar. Manuscript -1810 CE
Ghufran, Mirza.Tarikh Chitral . Manuscript -1893 CE
Friedrich, Adolf. Notes of German Hindukush- Expedition. 1955-56 CE
Jettmar, Karl. Bronze Axes from the Karakoram. Results of the 1958 Expedition in Azad Kashmir. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1961 CE Vol. 105, No. 1, 98 104.]
Jettmar, Karl. The Middle Asiatic Heritage of Dardistan (Islamic Collective Tombs in Punyal and Their Background) 1967 CE. East and West, 59-82.
Dani, Ahmad Hassan.The history of northern areas of Pakistan. Sang-e- meel Publications Lahore. 2001 CE
Sehrayi, Sarwar. Interviewed by Arshad Irfan. 10th April 2021CE
Faizi, Inayatullah .Seige of Chitral:Socio political impact of the British influence (1895-1995) , Proceedings of the Third International Hindukush Conference, Oxford Publication 1995 CE, Edited by Israr ud din, 341-348.
Article Statistics
Copyright License
Copyright (c) 2021 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are disseminated under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which licenses unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is appropriately cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.