Background: Buckwheat is a highly nutritious pseudocereal whose market value is significantly increased by efficient dehulling. However, the unique biomechanical properties of the buckwheat grain, particularly its hard hull, pose significant challenges to existing dehulling technologies, which often suffer from low efficiency and high rates of kernel breakage. This study aimed to address these limitations through the development and optimization of a novel dehulling machine based on a grinding disc mechanism.

Methods: A prototype of the grinding disc buckwheat dehuller was designed, fabricated, and tested. The core of the machine consists of two counter-rotating abrasive discs with an adjustable clearance. A three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken Design (BBD) within Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of key operational parameters—disc rotational speed (600–900 rpm), disc clearance (2.5–3.5 mm), and feed rate (40–60 kg/h)—on the machine's performance. The measured responses were Dehulling Rate (DR), Broken Kernel Rate (BKR), and Whole Kernel Rate (WKR).

Results: Statistical analysis revealed that all three independent variables had a significant (p<0.001) effect on the measured responses. The developed quadratic regression models accurately predicted the machine's performance, with high coefficients of determination (R2>0.95). Numerical optimization identified the optimal operating conditions to be a rotational speed of 785 rpm, a disc clearance of 3.1 mm, and a feed rate of 45 kg/h. Under these conditions, a validation experiment yielded a Dehulling Rate of 96.2%, a Broken Kernel Rate of 2.8%, and a Whole Kernel Rate of 93.5%, which were in close agreement with the model's predictions.

Conclusion: The developed grinding disc dehuller demonstrates superior performance compared to many existing methods, achieving a high dehulling rate while maintaining excellent kernel integrity. The optimized parameters provide a practical guideline for its industrial application. This research presents a viable and efficient technological solution for the primary processing of buckwheat.

In our studies conducted in the wheat fields of Tashkent and Syrdarya regions, in the fight against the pest Euregaster integriceps Killer Super 20% em.k. on average 84.2-88.9% and 89.3-92.0% at 0.05-0.07 liter, Killer Neo 10% em. k. At a flow rate of 0.1 liters, an average of 84.3-85.7% and Imidocloprid 35% em. k. When consuming 0.1 liters, the insecticide showed an increased activity of 92.5-95.7%.

The article provides information on fungi found in wheat grain and their damage. The studies were conducted on 10 varieties of wheat grown in the central and southern regions of the republic. In this study, the types of fungi were determined by taking samples from seeds during the storage period of seed wheat, planting them in a nutrient medium and monitoring them from the outside. It was found that the fungi found in wheat seeds belong to the genera Bipolaris, Alternaria, Fusarium, Tilletia (Tilletia lives and Tilletia caries) Penicillium Aspergillus, Trichotecium, Cladosporuum. It was found that up to 10.8% of seeds are infected with these fungi during storage.