Volume 8.
Issue 05.

This article analyzes the critical function that the right to silence plays within the framework of criminal justice. It examines how this right serve as a safeguard for suspects against self-incrimination and ensures fair treatment during legal proceedings. The article discusses various legal precedents and frameworks across different jurisdictions, highlighting the implications of the right to silence on police interrogation practices and the overall integrity of the judicial process. Through a comprehensive analysis, the author argues that upholding the right to silence is essential for maintaining the balance between effective law enforcement and the protection of individual rights.

The governance of technical knowledge transfer within bachelor-level contract agreements represents a critical yet under-theorized dimension of legal and contractual design. This study develops an analytical model to evaluate the structure, enforceability, and temporal dynamics of knowledge transfer provisions in such agreements. Drawing upon doctrinal insights from criminal law theory, liability frameworks, and procedural limitation principles, the research constructs a multidimensional evaluation model integrating legal liability, temporal enforceability, evidentiary standards, and contractual clarity. The methodology synthesizes theoretical constructs from existing legal scholarship and applies them to contractual scenarios, identifying structural inefficiencies and interpretive ambiguities. The findings reveal that knowledge transfer clauses are frequently undermined by vague drafting, insufficient enforcement mechanisms, and unclear limitation periods, leading to disputes and ineffective implementation. The study contributes a structured evaluative framework capable of enhancing contractual precision and legal robustness. The implications extend to legal drafting practices, institutional agreements, and policy-level standardization, while limitations arise from reliance on doctrinal sources and absence of empirical validation.

The rapid development of digital technologies is changing not only the ways in which copyrighted works are created and disseminated, but also the legal mechanisms through which copyright is managed. This article examines whether the current copyright framework of Uzbekistan provides adequate legal mechanisms for the identification of works and right holders, licensing, monitoring of use, and distribution of remuneration in the digital environment. The analysis focuses on the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Law “On Copyright and Related Rights”, and relevant subordinate legislation, with particular attention to the electronic control copy and the unified database of copyright objects introduced in 2022. The study identifies several structural gaps, including the insufficient regulation of information intermediaries, limited safeguards for collective management organisations, the absence of extended collective licensing and a comprehensive orphan-works regime, unresolved questions concerning artificial intelligence and text-and-data mining, and weaknesses in the preservation and use of digital evidence. Comparative consideration of selected EU, US and Russian approaches is used to formulate proposals suitable for Uzbekistan. The article proposes a coordinated reform model centred on stronger collective management, a clear intermediary-liability regime, targeted regulation of AI-related uses, improved digital enforcement, and a unified national platform, provisionally designated “E-Muallif”, for registration, licensing and remuneration management. The study concludes that technological digitalisation will be effective only when it is supported by a coherent legal and institutional framework.

Within the framework of this article, the significance and criminal-legal impact of the institution of multiple crimes for crime qualification are examined. It is noted here that the legal assessment of committed acts in the event of multiple crimes belongs to the category of general rules for crime qualification. The significance of the guiding explanations provided in the resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the qualification of crimes is determined. Furthermore, the features of crime qualification based on the forms of multiple crimes are analyzed. This section analyzes cases where multiple crimes are excluded when committing socially dangerous acts, which, although they constitute a separate independent crime, must be qualified under a single article. This is justified by examples of preparation for committing a more serious crime, which may be provided for as an independent crime. Based on the study of individual qualification rules for recidivism, the totality of crimes, and recidivism. Based on the foregoing, it is concluded that in modern law enforcement practice, the forms of multiple crimes cease to be merely background characteristics and acquire the status of constructive features of crime compositions, without which it is impossible to accurately and fairly qualify the act.

The article examines the legal and organizational foundations of digitalizing the legal profession in the Republic of Uzbekistan as an important direction for increasing the accessibility, quality, and independence of legal aid. The necessity of further developing electronic document management, online legal assistance, and the digital interaction of lawyers with courts and state bodies while simultaneously ensuring attorney-client privilege and information security is substantiated.

This article analyzes the modern system of international cultural heritage law, formed on the basis of conventions adopted by UNESCO. Within the framework of the study, the structure, content, and practical significance of the 1970 Convention on the Prevention and Prohibition of the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership Rights of Cultural Property, the 1972 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, and the 2003 Convention for the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage were examined. The main problems of the modern international system of cultural heritage law and ways to solve them are also analyzed. The article is intended for researchers, practicing lawyers, and civil servants in the fields of international law, cultural heritage law, and UNESCO activities.

The article examines international standards of justice in terms of their impact on the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan regulating the legal status of an individual at the pre-trial stage of criminal proceedings. Particular attention is paid to the issues of a certain superiority of one party in this process—the state bodies conducting criminal prosecution—over the other party, the person being held criminally liable.

This article examines the legal and institutional capacity of regional non-judicial mechanisms to protect stateless persons within the European, Inter-American, and African human rights systems. It focuses on procedures and institutions operating outside courts, including monitoring, individual petitions and recommendations, thematic standard-setting, periodic state reporting, fact-finding visits, technical cooperation, and institutional follow-up. Using doctrinal, comparative legal, systematic, and statistical methods, the study analyses relevant treaties, resolutions, institutional practice, and UNHCR data. It finds that the three systems differ significantly in both competence and implementation. In the European Union, nationality remains primarily within the competence of the Member States, while protection arises indirectly through asylum, migration, non-discrimination, and fundamental-rights rules, leaving no autonomous Union-wide statelessness determination regime. The Inter-American system offers the most developed non-judicial combination of individual petitions, country monitoring, thematic standards, and remedial recommendations, although uneven treaty participation and political compliance constrain its reach. In Africa, periodic reporting, thematic resolutions, and the work of the African Commission and its special mechanisms have progressively elevated the right to nationality. The 2024 Protocol on the Right to a Nationality and the Eradication of Statelessness represents a major normative advance, but its effectiveness depends on ratification and domestic implementation. The article concludes that regional non-judicial mechanisms are indispensable because they can identify structural causes of statelessness, develop common standards, facilitate cooperation, and press states to reform nationality laws without waiting for judicial litigation. Their practical impact, however, depends on clearer mandates, reliable data, accessible statelessness determination procedures, sustained monitoring, and effective follow-up to institutional recommendations.

The advent of the internet, social media platforms, and other digital communication technologies has fundamentally transformed the landscape in which reputational harm is inflicted, perpetuated, and remedied. Classical defamation doctrines, developed during eras dominated by print and broadcast media, struggle to address the speed, reach, anonymity, and persistence characteristic of digital expression. This article critically examines the historical foundations of defamation law, traces its doctrinal evolution from English common law through modern statutory regimes, and analyzes how digital expression challenges traditional concepts such as publication, jurisdiction, identification of speakers, and the public-private figure dichotomy [1]. Drawing on landmark cases and emerging jurisprudence, the article argues that the rigid application of classical doctrines produces both under-protection of reputation and over-restriction of free expression in the digital sphere. It proposes a framework for rethinking defamation law that integrates platform liability, algorithmic amplification, contextual integrity, and jurisdictional cooperation [2]. The discussion concludes with policy recommendations balancing the constitutional values of free speech and human dignity in an era where reputational harm can be global, instantaneous, and indelible.

This article presents a comprehensive study of the specific features of labour law regulation at the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC), where a special legal regime applies that differs from the national labour legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as at the newly established Tashkent International Financial Centre (Constitutional Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. ZRU-1158 of 13 July 2026). The relevance of this study stems from the absence in Uzbekistan of specific labour regulations for residents of the Tashkent International Financial Centre and, consequently, the need to develop scientifically grounded approaches to their formulation. The author examines, from a comparative perspective, the specific features of labour regulation in the IFCA, as well as the possibility of incorporating provisions of English common law into the labour legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, with the aim of developing a scientifically grounded approach to establishing a regulatory and legal framework for labour regulation within the newly established Tashkent International Financial Centre. The structure of the article includes an examination of the sources of labour regulation in the IFZs, and an analysis of how these sources relate to the national legislation of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The article examines in detail the specific features of individual institutions of labour legal relations (the conclusion of employment contracts, working hours and rest periods, annual leave, remuneration, the prohibition of discrimination, and the institution of dismissal). It concludes that the labour law of the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) possesses autonomy and internal coherence as a distinct legal subsystem operating in parallel with the national labour legislation of Kazakhstan; it also analyses the provisions of Uzbekistan’s labour legislation with a view to examining the possibility of their application in the AIFC’s labour regulations.

This article examines the legal framework and performance metrics associated with obligations in construction contracts. It delves into the essential elements of construction agreements, including the rights and responsibilities of parties involved, the significance of contract terms, and the implications of non-compliance. Through a comprehensive analysis, the article highlights various legal principles governing construction contracts, such as breach of contract, remedies, and dispute resolution mechanisms. By exploring case studies and legal precedents, the article aims to provide insights into best practices for ensuring compliance and mitigating risks in construction projects. Ultimately, it serves as a valuable resource for legal professionals, contractors, and stakeholders in the construction industry seeking to navigate the complexities of contractual obligations.

This article analyzes the legal and organizational foundations of forming a professional personnel corps in the prosecution authorities. The author examines the modernization of the selection, training, and professional development system, as well as the implementation of modern management methods in this field. The article proposes ways to increase the effectiveness of ensuring the rule of law by strengthening human resources potential.

This article presents scientific perspectives on the methods of committing property crimes in cyberspace. The article analyzes the criminological characteristics of crimes committed in cyberspace in the Republic of Uzbekistan, particularly cyber fraud of a property-related nature, as well as its social danger and issues of criminal liability.

This article analyzes issues of personal data protection and human rights proportionality in the context of the "mystery shopper" method. The application of this method in the digital age creates new legal challenges. The legal framework for collecting, storing, and using personal data in mystery shopper operations is analyzed in the context of foreign experience and Uzbekistan legislation, with relevant proposals and recommendations developed.

This article examines the specific features of necessary defence as a circumstance precluding the criminality of an act, as well as the problems involved in determining the limits of lawful defensive conduct. It analyses the criteria for the existence and nature of a socially dangerous attack, the proportionality of defensive measures, as well as issues concerning exceeding the limits of necessary defence and putative defence. The article substantiates the need, in the legal assessment of defensive conduct, to take into account not only the consequences of defensive actions but also the specific circumstances of the attack, its suddenness, intensity, the relative strength of the parties involved, and the psychological state of the person acting in defence. A situational and contextual approach to determining the lawfulness of defence is proposed, aimed at ensuring a balance between the legally guaranteed right to defence and the impermissibility of causing manifestly excessive harm.

Central Asia has become one of the strategically important regions in modern international politics because of its geographical position, natural resources, and growing geopolitical significance. In recent years, global instability, regional conflicts, economic uncertainty, terrorism, and political competition between major powers have increasingly affected the regional security environment of Central Asia. The region faces different security challenges connected with border management, extremism, cyber threats, water disputes, energy security, and external geopolitical influence.

This article examines the regional security architecture of Central Asia in the context of growing global instability. The study focuses on how regional states respond to modern security threats and how international actors influence regional political and security dynamics. Special attention is given to the role of Russia, China, regional cooperation organizations, and the security impact of instability in Afghanistan. The research uses qualitative and comparative analysis based on academic literature, international security reports, and regional policy studies. Different security challenges and cooperation mechanisms are analyzed to understand the strengths and weaknesses of Central Asia’s regional security structure. The findings show that Central Asia continues strengthening regional cooperation and security coordination, but many challenges remain unresolved. Border tensions, technological vulnerability, geopolitical rivalry, and uneven economic development continue affecting regional stability. The study also demonstrates that stronger regional dialogue, coordinated security policies, and balanced international cooperation are becoming increasingly important for maintaining long-term security in Central Asia.

This article examines the constitutional framework governing women's political rights in Uzbekistan following the constitutional reform adopted by national referendum on 30 April 2023. Drawing on formal-legal and comparative-legal methods, the study identifies three levels of constitutional regulation — a general anti-discrimination standard (Article 19), a special provision on the equality of women and men (Article 58), and functional norms on political rights (Articles 36–40) — and argues that the reform secured a qualitative shift from formal to substantive equality. The analysis demonstrates that the 2019 Law on Guarantees of Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men, read together with the revised Article 58, constitutionalises the state's positive obligation to ensure real equality, thereby strengthening the stability of the electoral quota system. Comparative data confirm the effectiveness of this construction: the forty-percent nomination standard and the thirty-eight-percent representation outcome place Uzbekistan among the leaders of the Central Asian region. At the same time, quantitative gains must be interpreted with caution in light of the distinction between descriptive and substantive representation, and the sustainability of this progress depends on further institutional, procedural, and constitutional development.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the emergence and evolutionary development of the institution of international criminal liability for war crimes. The author divides the history of the criminalization of war crimes into four main periods and examines the path from ancient times to the formation of the modern system of international criminal justice. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals in establishing the principles of individual criminal responsibility, as well as to the implementation of norms of international humanitarian law into the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In addition, the article examines contemporary challenges in ensuring liability for war crimes in the context of hybrid warfare, artificial intelligence, and cyber technologies.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the legal regulation and practice of resolving employment disputes in international financial centers (IFCs) — special jurisdictional zones operating under an autonomous legal regime, predominantly Anglo-Saxon in nature, which is separate from the national labor legislation of the host state. Using the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC, Republic of Kazakhstan), and the Tashkent International Financial Centre (TIFC) as examples, the article examines the sources governing employment relations and the institutional architecture for dispute resolution (courts, small claims tribunals, and mediation). The article substantiates the conclusion that the separate labor law regimes of IFCs constitute a distinct form of enclave regulation, combining flexibility and predictability for international business with the preservation of judicial, rather than arbitral, oversight of the lawfulness of termination of employment and discrimination.

This article examines the critical role of procedural safeguards in ensuring fair and just outcomes within administrative judicial systems. It highlights the importance of transparency, accessibility, and equality of arms in administrative court proceedings. The author discusses various legal frameworks and best practices from different jurisdictions that enhance procedural guarantees, aiming to protect the rights of parties involved in administrative disputes. Through a comparative analysis, the article identifies key challenges and proposes recommendations for reforming administrative court procedures to better uphold the principles of justice and due process.

This article provides a comprehensive theoretical and practical analysis of the rights of persons with disabilities based on the concepts of human dignity and the universality of human rights. The dominance of the medical model in the historical development of human rights theory is critically assessed, revealing its restrictive impact on the legal subjectivity of persons with disabilities. The study substantiates the role of the social state concept, the principle of non-discrimination, and the doctrine of reasonable accommodation as key mechanisms for ensuring substantive equality.

The article is devoted to a comparative legal analysis of the regulation of labor relations in international financial centers (IFCs), using the Astana International Financial Centre (Kazakhstan), the Dubai International Financial Centre and Abu Dhabi Global Market (UAE), the Qatar Financial Centre (Qatar), as well as the newly established Tashkent International Financial Centre (Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. UP-48 dated March 30, 2026, Constitutional Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. ZRU-1158 dated July 13, 2026) as examples. The relevance of the study is determined by the absence in Uzbekistan of specific employment regulations for TIFC residents and, accordingly, by the need to develop scientifically substantiated approaches to their formulation. The author identifies common features of the autonomous labor law regimes of IFCs (the mandatory nature of minimum guarantees, the “End of Service Gratuity” institution, an autonomous judicial system, and shortened limitation periods) and their fundamental differences, primarily with regard to the grounds and procedure for termination of an employment contract at the employer’s initiative. It is demonstrated that the model of termination without cause subject to notice (DIFC, ADGM, QFC) conflicts with Article 42 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and ILO Convention No. 158, whereas the AIFC model, which retains a list of grounds for termination, constitutes a more compatible reference model for the TIFC regulations. Based on the analysis, proposals are formulated regarding the structure of the future TIFC employment regulations.