Representation is a pivotal concept in civil law, serving as a mechanism through which individuals can exert their legal rights and obligations indirectly through authorized agents. This article explores the definition and features of representation, highlighting its significance in various legal contexts, such as contracts, inheritance, and corporate governance. We analyze the implications of representation for both principals and agents, discussing issues of authority, accountability, and the necessity of consent. Additionally, the impact of technological advancements, such as digital representation, is examined. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for clear regulatory frameworks to ensure that representation remains a robust and reliable legal institution.

This article addresses the emergent contest for influence in Central Asia through the prism of respective foreign policy strategies pursued by key international players, including the United States, Russia, and China. Further, it identifies interests enabled by resource security, new economic opportunities, geopolitical dominance, and regional stability. Against this background, the role and the potential of the Organization of Turkic States for shaping the dynamics of Central Asia are assessed, as well as enhancing the capacity for regional stability and countering external influence in the region.

This paper explores the evolution of security policies from the War on Crime to the War on Terror, examining how crime control strategies laid the groundwork for counterterrorism efforts. The War on Crime, initiated in the mid-20th century, focused primarily on domestic law enforcement and the criminal justice system, aiming to reduce crime rates through policing, surveillance, and punitive measures. Over time, as global threats shifted, many of these same strategies were adapted to address terrorism, leading to the emergence of the War on Terror. This paper traces the continuity between these two security paradigms, analyzing the role of surveillance technologies, militarization of law enforcement, and shifts in public discourse surrounding security. By examining key policy shifts, legislative changes, and cultural responses to crime and terrorism, the paper reveals how the War on Crime set the stage for the more global, militarized strategies of the War on Terror. The study provides insight into the transformation of domestic security measures into a broader counterterrorism framework and the long-term consequences for civil liberties, governance, and global security.

This article explores the underlying reasons behind drivers’ reluctance to comply with police officers' requests, focusing on common factors such as lack of proper documentation, driving under the influence, or possession of prohibited items. Through analysis of these behaviors, the piece examines societal and psychological factors contributing to non-compliance and discusses the importance of effective communication and public awareness to encourage lawful cooperation on the road.

This paper critically examines the rise of Islamophobia in Australia in relation to the country's retreat from multiculturalism and the shift towards a more integrationist state approach. Over the past few decades, Australia has seen significant demographic diversification, yet policy and public discourse have increasingly moved towards assimilationist ideologies that challenge the country’s traditional commitment to multiculturalism. This study explores how Islamophobic rhetoric, amplified in political and media discourse, has contributed to the state's new integrationist strategies, framing Islam and Muslims as distinct and incompatible with national values. By analyzing legislative changes, political speeches, media representations, and public attitudes, the paper reveals how Islamophobia is embedded within broader societal debates about national identity, social cohesion, and the role of immigration. This paper argues that the state's retreat from multiculturalism, coupled with the institutionalization of Islamophobia, reflects a broader global trend of increasing xenophobia and exclusion. The study also critiques the implications of these shifts on social justice, community cohesion, and the prospects for inclusive citizenship in Australia.