This paper delves into the legal responses and criminological analysis concerning Russian organized crime in Spain. Focusing on the dynamics of Russian criminal groups operating within Spanish borders, the study examines the legal frameworks and enforcement strategies employed by Spanish authorities to combat organized crime. Additionally, it offers insights from criminological perspectives regarding the characteristics and prevalence of Russian organized crime networks in Spain. Through a comprehensive analysis of legal measures, law enforcement practices, and criminological research, this study aims to enhance understanding of the challenges posed by Russian organized crime and inform strategies for effective response and prevention.

The article is devoted to forensic tracological examination, its modern capabilities, and prospects. Despite the fact that forensic tracological examination currently has extensive capabilities, the need for its technical development for a quick and correct investigation of a criminal case has been scientifically substantiated.

Deprivation of a certain right is a measure of conditional punishment, the essence of which is not only the removal of the convicted person from performing certain duties, but also the deprivation of his right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities during the period established by the sentence. Article 45 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan establishes that the deprivation of a person of a certain right consists in prohibiting the perpetrator from holding a particular position at enterprises, institutions or organizations, or engaging in one or another activity during the period appointed by the court. Deprivation of a certain right has a preventive character, pronounced as a measure of punishment. The application of this punishment is mainly due to the need to prevent the re-commission of these crimes by persons who have committed crimes related to the abuse of available opportunities in connection with their position or activities. This article highlights the specifics of punishment for deprivation of a certain right in the criminal legislation of foreign countries.

Although women make up a significant part of the world's population, they are often excluded from political life and do not actively participate in the decision-making process that directly affects their lives. Expanding women's political leadership plays crucial role for realizing their rights.

In this article, the tasks were set to analyze the factors that prevent women from participating in the process of making important political decisions, the obstacles to their holding top leadership positions. Gender gaps are widespread, mainly in the areas of economic opportunity, business and politics. Thus, the achievement of gender equality is a central indicator of the development of each country. The large-scale participation of women in politics is one of the effective ways not only in solving political, but also social and moral problems, protecting human rights, families, the elderly, motherhood and childhood. The article also provides conclusions and recommendations for increasing the level of women's participation in the political processes of countries.

This article discusses the multilateral relations between Pakistan and Central Asia. Pakistan's experience of unstable development is the result of our over-reliance on foreign aid and exogenous factors. To ensure a stable and sustainable trajectory of high growth, we focus on endogenous factors of growth such as domestic resource mobilisation, tax reforms, science, technology and innovation, stimulating export growth and we attract foreign direct investment. Remittances have provided significant support for our financial needs, but their true potential has not been realized. We will introduce reforms to increase remittances by offering incentives. Nevertheless, in order to achieve this long-term goal, we need to build a solid and self-sustaining platform using external funding sources in the medium term.

This article explores the application of criminological theories to understand and mitigate academic dishonesty, with a focus on the outsourcing of assignments in higher education. Drawing on strain theory, social learning theory, the General Theory of Crime, neutralization theory, and control theory, we analyze the multifaceted roots of academic dishonesty. These theories shed light on the pressures, environmental influences, and rationalizations that lead students to engage in outsourcing behaviors. By integrating these criminological insights, the article provides a comprehensive framework for educators and academic institutions to develop targeted interventions. Recommendations include addressing academic strain, fostering a positive learning environment, enhancing self-control and ethical decision-making skills, countering rationalizations for dishonesty, strengthening institutional bonds, enforcing clear policies, and judiciously using technology. Ultimately, the article advocates for a holistic approach to promoting academic integrity, aiming to reduce the incidence of outsourcing and cultivate an ethical academic culture.

The article is devoted to the visit of the Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, to Uzbekistan, which attracted a lot of attention both within the country and abroad. During the visit, important agreements were reached and agreements were signed in various fields, including politics, trade, economics, culture, humanitarian sphere and investment.

Qatar's growing political and economic role in international relations is also noted, especially in ensuring security and resolving conflicts in the Middle East and Afghanistan. Qatar actively promotes the peaceful resolution of disputes, rejecting the use of military force and coercion.

Both states - Qatar and Uzbekistan - have common interests in ensuring security in the region, especially in Afghanistan, and strive for stability and prosperity in Central Asia and the Middle East.

The article examines the consolidation and development in the law "On Science and Scientific activity" of the internationally recognized human right to freedom of scientific research. The article analyzes the normative content of freedom of science and its reflection in legislation of Uzbekistan. Much attention is paid to the issue of the correlation of freedom of science with a number of civil, social and economic human rights, the beneficiaries of which are also scientists and scientific and technical workers. It is concluded that it is necessary to establish a balance between freedom of scientific research and human rights due to the increasing risky nature of modern scientific and technological progress.

The process of re-federalizing Nigeria stands as a pivotal challenge in the country's political landscape, especially in light of recent debates on political re-structuring. This paper offers a reassessment of these discussions, focusing on the complexities and potential implications of re-federalization. By analyzing the historical context, current political dynamics, and various proposals for re-structuring, this study aims to provide insight into the challenges and opportunities associated with re-federalizing Nigeria. Key considerations include issues of power devolution, resource allocation, ethnic diversity, and governance effectiveness. The paper also examines the role of stakeholders, including political elites, civil society groups, and the general populace, in shaping the discourse on political re-structuring. Ultimately, the analysis seeks to contribute to a nuanced understanding of the challenges and prospects for re-federalization in Nigeria's evolving political landscape.

The article discusses the issues of cyber-hooliganism on the Internet, its types and methods of committing it. The opinions of foreign scientists in this area and the concepts they give of this type of crime are analyzed. In addition, several facts about the emergence of cyberbullying on the Internet are listed.

Analyzes the activities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the institutional legal basis of its organization, the participation of Uzbekistan in the framework of the organization, its initiatives, and the prospects expected from it.

Scientific research of the SCO and prediction of its future are gaining urgent importance in today's rapidly changing system of international relations. Factors such as expansion of the organization's geopolitical map due to the increase in the number of members, as well as a high level of economic potential, open wide opportunities for the developing countries of the SCO. From this point of view, Uzbekistan, which is considered a full member, is promoting many initiatives and gaining opportunities to make the most of such opportunities.

depend on the effectiveness of such initiatives and proposals. During the analysis, we discuss Uzbekistan's participation in the organization, its economic goals and geopolitical strategies.

Establishing proper and effective management in the field of higher education is one of the most important measures to prevent corruption risks in this system.

The organization of management of national higher education on the basis of international standards is becoming relevant in the context of the development of international relations and the global integration process.

At this stage, it will be useful to study best practices aimed at organizing management in the field of higher education in developed foreign countries and preventing corruption risks in this process.

The study specifically examines issues such as the management of higher education institutions, their independence and financial support, as well as the role of government agencies in the management of this area.

This article will discuss the possibility of endowing artificial intelligence with legal capacity in general and the legal regulation of legal relations related to the creation of IP objects with artificial intelligence in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

The article examines the issues of strengthening the guarantees of the advocacy as the main human rights institution, analyzes the reforms of the institute of advocacy carried out in the country in recent years, in particular, strengthening the status and providing guarantees to advocates, increasing the reputation and prestige of the advocate's profession, as well as further development of the system of the institute of qualified advocacy based on the principle of competitiveness, rivalry, as well as attracting interest young people in this field.

In this article, the types of forgery of documents, the methods and tools used in forgery are analyzed, and the mechanism of appearance of traces and signs of forgery of documents is researched. Also, the elements that can be changed in the text of the document are divided into separate categories and analyzed. The second part of the article is directly devoted to the problems of identifying the elements of forgery, in which the methods and tools used to identify the signs of forgery are analyzed from a criminalistic and technical point of view.