Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and obesity are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the past several decades, while CVD-related deaths have declined in high-income countries, they have significantly increased in low- and middle-income countries, including Pakistan, which bears nearly 80% of the global burden. Obesity, a key modifiable risk factor for CVDs, has emerged as a serious public health challenge in Pakistan due to sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and lack of awareness. Despite the growing prevalence of obesity and its strong association with cardiovascular diseases, minimal attention has been given to preventive strategies in South Asia, particularly in Pakistan. Additionally, economic and political instability further exacerbates the rising trends of CVDs and obesity in the country. Practical efforts are required to enhance the understanding of risk factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco use while promoting obesity prevention through targeted interventions. This paper reviews the major modifiable risk factors in Pakistan, highlights available preventive services, and discusses evidence-based strategies for reducing the burden of both cardiovascular diseases and obesity at the population level.

Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of hemiarthroplasty compared to total arthroplasty in the treatment of hip fractures. Methodology: Systematic literature review, with a quantitative and qualitative approach to the data collected, which was structured according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA): “total hip arthroplasty” and ‘hemiarthroplasty’ with ‘AND’ and ‘OR’ combinations. Results: The five articles selected evaluated the effectiveness of hemiarthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty techniques using the WOMAC score, Harris Hip Score (HHS), SF-36 (Short Form Health Survey 36) and/or Visual analogue scale (VAS). Total arthroplasty showed better results in most studies (p<0.01). Conclusion: Total arthroplasty was considered the procedure of choice, especially for active elderly patients.

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of orthoses in the treatment of pediatric flatfoot.

Methodology: A systematic review was carried out in the online databases Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, Medline and PubMed, using the following terms: flatfoot AND pediatric AND Orthotic

Devices. There were no limitations on gender, date or language. All results up to

February 1, 2024 were included.

Results: 213 patients under the age of 18 were included in this study. The use of medial arch support insoles proved to be effective in the treatment of flat feet in children, with an improvement in ankle internal rotation angles and knee internal and external rotation.

Conclusion: The use of orthoses has shown good results and is a reproducible and reliable approach, especially in pre- school patients who have been using them for more than 12 months, with improvements in gait, alignment and coordination of the lower limbs.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is widely recognized for its profound impact on brain function, but its consequences often extend beyond the brain to affect various extracranial systems. This narrative review explores the extracranial effects of TBI, focusing on the cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as immune response and metabolic changes. The review synthesizes current literature on how TBI-induced pathophysiological changes extend throughout the body and influence long-term outcomes, including physical and mental health. The interplay between intracranial injury and extracranial effects is critical for understanding the full scope of TBI’s impact. Future research should emphasize the development of comprehensive treatment protocols that address both intracranial and extracranial effects to improve outcomes for TBI patients.