Abscisic acid (ABA) is a crucial plant hormone involved in various physiological processes, including stress response and development. In carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus), understanding the molecular pathways and gene regulation mechanisms governing ABA biosynthesis and action is essential for optimizing floral traits and resilience. This study explores the key biosynthetic pathways and the corresponding genes involved in ABA production in carnation flowers. Using a combination of transcriptomic analysis, gene expression profiling, and biochemical assays, we identify and characterize the major enzymes and regulatory genes associated with ABA biosynthesis, including 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCEDs) and abscisic aldehyde oxidases (AAOs). Additionally, we investigate the signaling pathways through which ABA mediates its effects on floral development and stress tolerance. Our findings provide new insights into the genetic and biochemical networks that regulate ABA metabolism and function in carnations, which could inform breeding strategies for improved flower quality and stress resistance.

Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), known for its vibrant flowers and commercial value, is sensitive to planting time, which significantly impacts its growth and flowering performance. This study investigates the optimal planting times for maximizing the performance of open field gerbera by evaluating various planting schedules and their effects on plant growth, flowering traits, and overall yield. Gerbera plants were planted at different times throughout the growing season, and their performance was monitored in terms of vegetative growth, flowering onset, flower quality, and yield.

Data were collected on plant height, leaf number, flowering duration, flower size, and flower number per plant. Additionally, environmental conditions such as temperature and light were recorded to correlate with plant performance. The results indicate that planting time has a profound effect on the flowering characteristics and yield of gerbera plants. Optimal planting windows were identified, showing significant improvements in flower quality and yield when plants were established during specific periods of the growing season.

This research provides valuable insights into the best practices for planting gerbera in open fields to achieve optimal growth and flowering outcomes. By aligning planting schedules with favorable environmental conditions, growers can enhance the economic value and aesthetic appeal of gerbera crops. The findings contribute to improved agricultural practices for gerbera cultivation and offer practical recommendations for maximizing the performance of this popular ornamental plant.