This study investigates the Ion-Cyclotron Higher Harmonics Instability (ICHHI) in the presence of a perpendicular alternating current (A.C.) electric field in energetic plasmas. The interaction between charged particles and electromagnetic fields in plasmas is of paramount importance in understanding astrophysical phenomena and laboratory plasma devices. The research examines the influence of the perpendicular A.C. electric field on the development and behavior of ICHHI, a collective instability that arises due to the non-linear interaction between ions and electromagnetic waves. The findings shed light on the role of the perpendicular A.C. electric field in modifying the growth rate and spectral characteristics of ICHHI, offering insights into the fundamental processes governing the stability of energetic plasmas.

Carbon Nanospheres (CNS) are synthesized by pyrolyzing Maize cob-hair using the CVD method for two hours, at 10000C in presence of Ni, Fe, or Co nanometals as the catalyst. The morphology of carbon nanomaterial was characterized by the HRSEM images. The XRD pattern and the Raman spectrum confirmed the graphitic nature of the carbon. Surface area measurement of CNM was done by the Methylene Blue test method. The impact of catalyst was noted on the surface area of the carbon nanosphere; the maximum being 95.018 m2/g when Fe nanoparticle was used as catalyst, 83.141 m2/g when Ni was used, and a minimum of 21.379 m2/g in presence of Co. These carbon nanospheres were used for Arsenic adsorption from water. Adsorption of Arsenic was assessed by Chand Pasha et al’s method.  It was found that after 12 hrs of exposure, CNS with 95 m2/g surface area could adsorb 32% arsenic; CNS (of 23.8m2/g surface area adsorbed 31% whereas CNS (surface area of 21.379m2/g. could adsorb only 16% arsenic. The arsenic adsorption capacity was found to be affected by the available surface area.

In this article, the importance of improving the professional competence and professional development of primary school teachers as a scientific-pedagogical problem is studied. The scientific views of foreign and our republican scientists on the topic are summarized. The principles, theoretical and pedagogical aspects of developing the professional competence of primary school teachers are scientifically based.

The growing global demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources has prompted extensive research into alternative biofuels. This study explores the feasibility of utilizing residual carrageenan extract from Eucheuma cottonii, a commonly harvested seaweed, as a feedstock for bioethanol production. Carrageenan extraction from seaweed generates substantial byproducts, which are typically discarded or underutilized. This research investigates the potential of these byproducts to be transformed into bioethanol, a clean and environmentally friendly fuel.

The process involves the enzymatic hydrolysis of carrageenan-rich seaweed residues to break down polysaccharides into fermentable sugars. Subsequently, yeast fermentation is employed to convert these sugars into ethanol. Key factors affecting bioethanol production, such as enzyme type, concentration, fermentation conditions, and ethanol yield, are systematically examined and optimized. Additionally, the environmental and economic sustainability of this approach is assessed through a life cycle analysis (LCA) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA).

Preliminary results indicate that residual carrageenan extract from Eucheuma cottonii exhibits significant potential as a bioethanol feedstock, with promising ethanol yields. Moreover, the utilization of carrageenan byproducts for bioethanol production contributes to the circular economy and reduces waste in the seaweed processing industry. The LCA and CBA results suggest that this approach is environmentally and economically viable, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional fossil fuels.