Monkeypox Virus Beyond Endemic Regions: Insights into Genomic Evolution, Host–Virus Interactions, and Global Public Health Challenges

The monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is responsible for the zoonotic illness mpox, has traditionally been confined to the tropical forest regions of Central and West Africa. However, in recent years, the virus has expanded beyond its endemic range and has led to outbreaks across numerous countries worldwide. In this review, we examine how monkeypox virus interacts with its host, influencing infection processes, signalling pathways, disease progression, and immune responses. We also emphasize the evolving understanding of MPXV pathophysiology and epidemiology, while outlining the latest developments in strategies for prevention and therapeutic management of mpox. Adopting a One Health framework offers a promising strategy to curb ongoing mpox outbreaks and reduce the risk of future epidemics.

Mpox, zoonotic illness, genomic organization, epidemiology, pathophysiology, ecological niche

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