Volume 7.
Issue 09.

Background: Buckwheat is a highly nutritious pseudocereal whose market value is significantly increased by efficient dehulling. However, the unique biomechanical properties of the buckwheat grain, particularly its hard hull, pose significant challenges to existing dehulling technologies, which often suffer from low efficiency and high rates of kernel breakage. This study aimed to address these limitations through the development and optimization of a novel dehulling machine based on a grinding disc mechanism.

Methods: A prototype of the grinding disc buckwheat dehuller was designed, fabricated, and tested. The core of the machine consists of two counter-rotating abrasive discs with an adjustable clearance. A three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken Design (BBD) within Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of key operational parameters—disc rotational speed (600–900 rpm), disc clearance (2.5–3.5 mm), and feed rate (40–60 kg/h)—on the machine's performance. The measured responses were Dehulling Rate (DR), Broken Kernel Rate (BKR), and Whole Kernel Rate (WKR).

Results: Statistical analysis revealed that all three independent variables had a significant (p<0.001) effect on the measured responses. The developed quadratic regression models accurately predicted the machine's performance, with high coefficients of determination (R2>0.95). Numerical optimization identified the optimal operating conditions to be a rotational speed of 785 rpm, a disc clearance of 3.1 mm, and a feed rate of 45 kg/h. Under these conditions, a validation experiment yielded a Dehulling Rate of 96.2%, a Broken Kernel Rate of 2.8%, and a Whole Kernel Rate of 93.5%, which were in close agreement with the model's predictions.

Conclusion: The developed grinding disc dehuller demonstrates superior performance compared to many existing methods, achieving a high dehulling rate while maintaining excellent kernel integrity. The optimized parameters provide a practical guideline for its industrial application. This research presents a viable and efficient technological solution for the primary processing of buckwheat.

This article presents data on the changes in the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil profile of irrigated typical gray soils under the application of biopreparations, mineral, and organic fertilizers to medium-maturing white cabbage plants, depending on the application rates.

In this study, the total protein and amino acid content of locally grown chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes were investigated. The analysis revealed an inverse relationship between yield and protein content. Small-seeded chickpea accessions were observed to have a higher total protein content compared to large-seeded accessions. Specifically, the genotypes k-12104, k-12113, and k-12123 recorded a high protein content, ranging from 25,6% to 26,1%. Furthermore, these genotypes were found to have higher concentrations of many essential (non-essential) and non-essential (essential) amino acids that are important for human health, when compared to the control variety. In particular, elevated levels of amino acids such as methionine, valine, isoleucine, lysine, glutamine, and asparagine were observed. This data is of great importance for improving the nutritional value of chickpeas and for their use as a high-quality protein source. The results of this study serve as a valuable resource for breeders to develop new chickpea varieties that are rich in protein and have high nutritional value.

In our studies conducted in the wheat fields of Tashkent and Syrdarya regions, in the fight against the pest Euregaster integriceps Killer Super 20% em.k. on average 84.2-88.9% and 89.3-92.0% at 0.05-0.07 liter, Killer Neo 10% em. k. At a flow rate of 0.1 liters, an average of 84.3-85.7% and Imidocloprid 35% em. k. When consuming 0.1 liters, the insecticide showed an increased activity of 92.5-95.7%.

The article studies the effects of organo-mineral compost, manure, and mineral fertilizers on the growth and development of cotton. The use of different types of compost and amounts of manure increased soil fertility and had a positive effect on the growth and development of cotton. In this study, the effect of organo-mineral composts on the growth and development of cotton under saline soil conditions was investigated. The experiment involved the application of various rates of organic fertilizers (10, 15, and 20 t/ha), composts (12, 14, 20, 22, and 24 t/ha), and a 25% reduced dose of mineral fertilizers in combination. Key growth indicators such as main stem height, number of fruiting branches, and number of bolls were analyzed. In the control variant, the number of fruiting branches was 11.8, and the number of bolls was 8.3 per plant. In the treatments where organo-mineral composts were applied, these indicators increased significantly. Specifically, in the variant treated with 22 t/ha of compost, the number of fruiting branches reached 15.1 and bolls 11.5 per plant, which is 3.3 and 3.2 higher, respectively, compared to the control. The results of the study demonstrate that organo-mineral composts can enhance the vegetative growth phases of cotton, increase yield components, and reduce the need for mineral fertilizers. This, in turn, contributes to environmentally sustainable and efficient use of land resources.

In our article, the arid climate and ecological variability of Karakalpakstan are examined. The grain yield of bread wheat varieties was analyzed in close relation to weather factors, particularly air and soil temperature, as well as the level of precipitation. In this study, we analyzed the variability of grain yield indicators of bread wheat cultivated in Beruniy, Nukus, and Kungrad districts during 2017–2019. The dispersion and correlation between ecological factors such as soil and air temperature and precipitation were evaluated. As a result, high-yielding varieties with stability and adaptability to these regions were identified.

The article provides information on fungi found in wheat grain and their damage. The studies were conducted on 10 varieties of wheat grown in the central and southern regions of the republic. In this study, the types of fungi were determined by taking samples from seeds during the storage period of seed wheat, planting them in a nutrient medium and monitoring them from the outside. It was found that the fungi found in wheat seeds belong to the genera Bipolaris, Alternaria, Fusarium, Tilletia (Tilletia lives and Tilletia caries) Penicillium Aspergillus, Trichotecium, Cladosporuum. It was found that up to 10.8% of seeds are infected with these fungi during storage.