Discipline within criminal justice systems is crucial for maintaining integrity, accountability, and the effective administration of justice. This study explores the boundaries of discipline in criminal justice practices, focusing on how disciplinary measures are applied, their scope, and their impact on the overall efficacy of the system. Utilizing a multi-method approach, the research combines quantitative analysis of disciplinary records with qualitative case studies and interviews with key stakeholders, including law enforcement officers, judicial officials, and correctional staff. The study examines various dimensions of discipline, including procedural fairness, the enforcement of ethical standards, and the mechanisms for addressing misconduct. Findings reveal that while disciplinary measures are essential for upholding professional standards, there are significant variations in their application across different jurisdictions and roles within the criminal justice system. Key issues identified include inconsistencies in disciplinary practices, the influence of organizational culture, and the challenges of balancing enforcement with support for professional development. The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing disciplinary frameworks, emphasizing the need for standardized procedures, improved transparency, and stronger oversight to ensure that discipline effectively contributes to the integrity and efficiency of criminal justice practices.

This article provides scientific opinions and discussions about the types of international cooperative principles developed by the International cooperative union, their content, role in the economy, as well as their significance in conducting economic policy related to the formation and development of the newly introduced cluster model in Uzbekistan. Some of the issues in cluster activity and their legal solutions are also discussed.

In this article, the migration factor is studied in modern political science, starting with the reasons for the emergence of migration, the tendency of its politicization and securitization (security) is revealed. Today, theoretical aspects of how migration has become a politicized factor of security are studied.

This research deals with the relationship between the ministry and parliament under the current Iraqi constitution of 2005, with a comparison to the current Egyptian constitution of 2014, which examines the role of parliament in restricting the powers of the government and achieving an institutional balance between the two authorities (legislative and executive). The importance of the research lies in analyzing the impact of the balance between the two authorities on political and administrative stability in Iraq and seeking to find solutions to improve the balance and cooperation between them to achieve the state's public interest. It also aims to study the factors that lead to balance or imbalance between the ministry and parliament in Iraq and find practical solutions to improve them to achieve more excellent political stability. The research relied on the comparative approach between the two constitutional systems (Iraqi and Egyptian) and analyzed both countries' legal and constitutional texts. It adopted the hypothesis that there is a mutual influence between the ministry and parliament in Iraq and that improving the balance between them, in turn, leads to the stability of the political system in Iraq. It showed that the executive authority is dominant at the expense of the legislative authority in Iraq, with a limited influence of the legislative authority in legislation laws. This research showed that strengthening parliamentary oversight methods can be used to achieve institutional balance and political stability.

It is important to make medical services acceptable in all respects, high-quality and financially feasible for the population in the preservation of human health. In the provision of medical services, the organization of mutual relations between the medical institution, the doctor and the patient, and the creation of necessary conditions for the treatment of patients in the medical institution are organized in different ways. Medical insurance is considered the most effective of such methods in today's modern medicine. Through medical insurance, the insurance organization takes all organizational (placement of the patient in a medical institution, highly qualified doctors) financial measures related to the treatment of the insured person (patient) in the event of an insured event, and as a result the insured person will have the opportunity to receive qualified and quality medical services. Today, there are no clear approaches to the role of medical insurance in legal regulations and areas of jurisprudence, which branch of insurance it belongs to: life insurance and general insurance. At the same time, this creates a number of problems and gaps in the legal regulation in the interpretation of the essence of the medical insurance contract and its application. Therefore, it is important to determine the nature of medical insurance, its content and peculiarities as a legal relationship, and thereby create the legal basis of medical insurance.

This article is devoted to highlighting some issues related to the problems of protection of rights to trademarks in import-export operations by customs authorities of the Republic of Uzbekistan and their solutions.

Factionalism, the formation of subgroups within a larger entity based on shared interests or beliefs, plays a significant role in shaping behavior within organizations, political systems, and social structures. This study explores the dynamics of factionalism and its impact on individuals' propensity for engaging in improper or unethical actions. By analyzing the psychological and social mechanisms underpinning faction comprehension, this research examines how group loyalty, peer influence, and internal factional pressures contribute to the likelihood of impropriety. Through a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative case studies and quantitative data, the study uncovers patterns in behavior driven by factional allegiance. Results indicate that increased identification with factional groups correlates with a heightened tendency toward impropriety, particularly when individuals perceive benefits from such actions that favor their faction over the larger group or societal norms. These findings provide insights into the broader implications of factionalism on organizational governance, policy development, and ethical conduct, highlighting the need for effective management of factional tendencies to mitigate risks of impropriety.

This article analyzes issues related to criminal-procedural activities of prosecutor – criminalists, in particular, the views of foreign and national scientists on being the prosecutor-criminalist as the subject of proof and a participant in investigative actions, the experience of procedural activity regulation in the legislation of national and foreign states, as well as the proposals and recommendations for the implementation of this institute to the procedural legislation.

This article explores the evolving role of local representative and executive bodies in Uzbekistan’s political system, with a particular focus on the increased participation of political parties in local governance. It examines the expansion of the powers of the Councils of People's Deputies, especially in relation to monitoring local executive authorities and ensuring the implementation of laws and governmental decrees. The study highlights the need for enhanced parliamentary oversight at the local level and discusses the potential impact of party groups in strengthening the socio-political framework of the regions. The article also addresses the challenges faced by local authorities in ensuring efficient governance, including insufficient use of the powers granted to political parties and the lack of a unified approach to solving socio-economic problems. Drawing on recent reforms, including experimental governance models in Tashkent, the article argues for a more robust legal framework to support local political oversight and promote greater accountability among local executive bodies. The findings underscore the importance of legal reforms aimed at enhancing the autonomy and effectiveness of local governance as a key component of Uzbekistan’s broader political and administrative modernization efforts.

In the late twentieth century, after the end of the Cold War, the world underwent a significant transformation, leading to a multipolar system. This shift was characterized by the rise of various regional powers seeking to play a prominent role in global politics. The Republic of Turkiye, in particular, has been actively seeking to assert its position in the contemporary international order.

This article examines the complexities of Turkish foreign policy, analyzing its legal framework, current aspects, priorities, and strategic approaches. Additionally, it explores the shift in Turkish foreign policy towards Eastern regions, away from its historical dependence on the West and towards the concept of "Turkish World", particularly in relation to Turkic-speaking countries in Central Asia and the Caucasus. In addition, the paper provides theoretical insights into the impact of foreign policy and diplomacy on various stakeholders, as well as the potential of soft power tools in the pursuit of foreign policy goals.