This article examines the concept of “the objective side of the crime”, the difference between torture and other crimes, the concepts of “torture”, “violent acts”, “beatings”, “beatings or other acts of torture”, methods of torture, opinions of national and foreign scientists. Based on the analysis, the author made the appropriate conclusions.

The role of online trading is gradually increasing in our lives. Expanding the capabilities of the Internet network allows you to trade in other countries. At the same time, the issue of consumer protection remains unsettled. In some cases, they are unaware that they are purchasing counterfeit products. This, in turn, provides an opportunity for unscrupulous online merchants to gain unjust enrichment. These facts are discussed in detail in this article from a scientific point of view, which is based on past court decisions.

This article discusses the development of the system of public services in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the improvement of its organizational and legal basics, the most important areas for radical reform of the national system of public services, the introduction of e-government services. and thus reflected the benefits created by citizens, business entities, as well as public administration and economic management bodies, organizations, institutions and enterprises.

This article analyzes the nearly thirty-year history of the higher education system in Uzbekistan. The problems in the higher education system over the years focus on their causes and factors. Opinions and comments on the results and achievements of reforms in the higher education system in recent years are presented. At the same time, special attention is still paid to the factors hindering the implementation of reforms.

In the course of performing his official duties, an employee may find himself in a situation where he has a real opportunity to use his powers for personal gain or to act in the interests of third persons. Such situation, according to the adopted legislation of most countries, including the Republic of Uzbekistan, is called a conflict of interest. The regulation of the conflict of interest is aimed at identifying such situations in a timely manner, so as not to allow the employee to act in it completely independently and not to give an objectively existing opportunity to develop into an offense, thereby preventing corruption.

The regulation of the conflict of interest allows solving additional tasks:

• Identify the circle of related persons who may be involved in corruption schemes;
• Apply sanctions when an employee acts in personal interests, but harm is difficult to prove for one reason or another;
• Increase the transparency of the activities of the state body (organization).

However, the main task is still to prevent corruption.

Membership in the most influential international organizations in the world, contributing to the improvement and development of their activities, decision-making by organizations and participation in the implementation of certain programs serve as the basis for increasing the prestige of any country in the international arena. It should be noted that today Uzbekistan has made great strides in this direction and is recognized by the world community. In particular, the recent reforms and initiatives of Uzbekistan to develop relations with the United Nations, one of the most influential organizations in the world, deserve recognition. The article describes Uzbekistan's current foreign and international policy and relations with the United Nations and its affiliates.

The article provides an overview of the key institutional models for the protection of intellectual property rights in foreign countries. Three basic models of protection are justified in this articles. Special aspects of the activities of authorized administrative and law enforcement authorities of foreign countries to protect intellectual property are reviewed in this article. Recommendations for improving the institutional system for the protection of intellectual property rights in the Republic of Uzbekistan were developed based on the analysis.

As a maritime country, maritime security is of special importance to Vietnam, having a great impact on marine economic development, ensuring national defense and security, and protecting the peaceful environment of the country. However, at present, the situation of territorial sovereignty disputes and non-traditional security issues such as terrorism, piracy, smuggling, disputes over fishing grounds and exploitation of marine resources is increasingly complex and difficult to predict. These challenges require the Vietnamese Communist Party to have a comprehensive strategy to protect Vietnam's sovereignty over the sea and islands. The article points out the important role of protecting sea and island sovereignty for the sustainable development of Vietnam and analyses ideologies related to protecting Vietnam's sovereignty over sea and islands in the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam.