Articles
| Open Access |
DOI: HARMONISATION OF THE FUNCTIONING OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES UNDER WTO RULES: THE INDIAN CASE
Irmatov Mukhiddin , Billion group, Business development manager, UzbekistanAbstract
Every year, the number of special economic zones increases. On the one hand, this is a great chance to bust the state’s economy and attract investors. On the other hand, there is a probability to create unfair market competition. This may place other WTO members in an unfavourable position, posing a mitigation risk. To avoid this, the government should implement only special economic zone schemes following WTO regulations. This article will study which incentives are allowed by the WTO law and prohibited. Apart from this, will be reviewed India’s case as an example of the transformation from special and differential treatment to the generally applicable WTO rules. This will include an analysis of the regulations, WTO case law, and suggestions for future regulatory reform.
Keywords
Special economic zones, world trade organisation, SEZ in India
References
P. Pal, Special Economic Zones in India and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: An Uneasy Coexistence, 2016 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3059.3043, p. 1 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291246781_Special_Economic_Zones_in_India_and_the_WTO_Agreement_on_Subsidies_and_Countervailing_Measures_An_Uneasy_Coexistence/related
J. Stiglitz, A. Charlton A Development Round of Trade Negotiations? 2004 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253205208_A_Development_Round_of_Trade_Negotiations
H-J. Chang, Kicking away the Ladder? Policies and Institutions for Economic Development in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem Press, 2002 https://www.jstor.org/stable/40722165#metadata_info_tab_contents
P. Pal, Special Economic Zones in India and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: An Uneasy Coexistence, 2016 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3059.3043, p. 8
2019 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign trade barriers http://trade.gov/enforcement/
DS436: United States — Countervailing Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from India https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds436_e.htm
S. Creskoff, P. Walkenhorst. Achieving WTO Compliance for Special Economic Zones in Developing Countries. PREM Notes; No. 134. World Bank, Washington, DC. 2009 © World Bank https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11122 p. 10
FIAS Special Economic Zones: Performance, Lessons Learned, and Implications for Zone Development. 2008 The World Bank, Washington DC, E3. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/343901468330977533/pdf/458690WP0Box331s0April200801PUBLIC1.pdf
D. Madani, A Review of the Role and Impact of Export Processing Zones. World Bank Development Research Group Policy Research Working Paper 2238 (November) https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-2238
J. P. Cling, and G. Letilly. Export Processing Zones: A Threatened Instrument for Global Economy Insertion? 2001 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44961691_Export_Processing_Zones_A_threatened_instrument_for_global_economy_insertion/citations
A. Schrank, Export Processing Zones: Free Market Islands or Bridges to Structural Transformation?” 2001 Development Policy Review, 19(2):223–242. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229718330_Export_Processing_Zones_Free_Market_Islands_or_Bridges_to_Structural_Transformation
P. Warr, Export Processing Zones: The Economics of Enclave Manufacturing. 1989 World Bank Research Observer 4, No. 1, (January), 65–87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3986349
K. Jayanthakumaran, K. An Overview of Export Processing Zones: Selected Asian Countries. 2002 University of Wollongong Department of Economics Working Paper Series https://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers/800/
R.D. Sinclair, Export Processing Zones: An Ingredient for Successful Liberalization. 2001 Working Paper, The Maxwell School of Syracuse University.
F. Defever, J. D. Reyes, A. R. Miguel, E. Sánchez ‐ Martín. Special Economic Zones and WTO Compliance: Evidence from the Dominican Republic. Economica, Vol.86, Issue 343. p. 532-568 https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12276
A. U. Santos Paulino, F. Bartalucci, A. Chaudhary, S. Frick, and I. Radouane. UNCTAD Handbook on special Economic zones in Africa. Towards economic diversification across the continent 2021 https://www.pacci.org/handbook-on-special-economic-zones-in-africa-towards-economic-diversification-across-the-continent/
Vokhidova, M. Kh. Impact of WTO membership on special economic zones, 2020 Economics and Innovative Technologies: Vol. 2020: No. 3, Article 5. https://uzjournals.edu.uz/iqtisodiyot/vol2020/iss3/5
P. Pal, Special Economic Zones in India and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: An Uneasy Coexistence, 2016 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3059.3043 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291246781_Special_Economic_Zones_in_India_and_the_WTO_Agreement_on_Subsidies_and_Countervailing_Measures_An_Uneasy_Coexistence/related
S. Shadikhodjaev, The WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and Unilateralism of Special Economic Zones, Journal of International Economic Law, Volume 24, Issue 2, June 2021, Pages 381–402, https://doi-org.eres.qnl.qa/10.1093/jiel/jgab013
F. Defever, A. Riano Subsidies with export share requirements in China," Journal of Development Economics”,
126, 33{51, 2017 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030438781630102X
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1869 U.N.T.S. 14 https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/24-scm.pdf
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1869 U.N.T.S. 14 https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/24-scm.pdf
D. Marjanac, A.M. Alfirević, Special economic zones: the impact and implications on economic growth with reference to the Chinese model. Acta Economica, 2020, 18(32), 85–106. https://doi.org/10.7251/ACE2032085M
SEZ Rules incorporating amendments upto July, 2010 http://sezindia.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/14_SEZ_Rules_July_2010.pdf
Dezan Shira & Associates India’s Special Economic Zones: A Primer (2021) https://www.india-briefing.com/news/guide-indias-special-economic-zones-9162.html/#thedevelopmentofsezsinindiaHeader
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1869 U.N.T.S. 14 art. 27.2. https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/24-scm.pdf
2019 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign trade barriers http://trade.gov/enforcement/
DS 541 Export Related Measure Report https://www.wto-ilibrary.org/content/reports/25189832/237
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1869 U.N.T.S. 14 art. 27.5 https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/24-scm.pdf
Panels Report in the case DS541: India — Export Related Measures World Trade Organisation 31 October 2019 1907313 WT/DS541/R https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/541r_e.pdf
ELP ELP export update Summary report in India Export related measures (DS541) (2019) https://elplaw.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ELP-Export-update-Summary-of-the-panel-report-in-India-Export-related-measures-DS541.pdf
India – Export Related Measures – Report of the Panel para. 7.204 https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S006.aspx?Query=(@Symbol=%20wt/ds541/*)&Language=ENGLISH&Context=FomerScriptedSearch&languageUIChanged=true#
India – Export Related Measures – Report of the Panel para. 7.222 https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S006.aspx?Query=(@Symbol=%20wt/ds541/*)&Language=ENGLISH&Context=FomerScriptedSearch&languageUIChanged=true#
India – Export Related Measures – Report of the Panel para. 7.524 https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S006.aspx?Query=(@Symbol=%20wt/ds541/*)&Language=ENGLISH&Context=FomerScriptedSearch&languageUIChanged=true#
J. Nedumpara, S. Janardhan Developing Countries and Export Subsidies: WTO Panel’s report in DS541 (2019) http://regulatingforglobalization.com/2019/11/15/developing-countries-and-export-subsidies-wto-panels-report-in-ds541/
Article Statistics
Downloads
Copyright License
Copyright (c) 2022 The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are disseminated under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which licenses unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is appropriately cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.