Over the past decade, scientific research on stress physiology has provided a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of response and adaptation of homeostatic systems in the human body to stress factors [1]. In a state of stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are closely interconnected, causing the body to undergo a complex adaptive response aimed at maintaining homeostasis [2]. As a result of the activation of these systems, stress hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline are released, which leads to accelerated cardiovascular activity, increased glucose metabolism, and a temporary weakening of the immune system [3]. The main physiological role of cortisol is to protect the body from energy deficiency during stress, regulate protein and fat metabolism, and control immune inflammatory responses [4]. At the same time, the sympathetic nervous system activates the “fight or flight” mechanism, increasing heart rate and directing blood flow to the muscles [5]. However, chronic exposure to stressors leads to HPA axis imbalance, which leads to increased cortisol secretion, metabolic syndrome, depression, and cardiovascular disease [6].

Recent studies (Kloet, 2024; Chrousos, 2020) have shown that individual stress reactivity is modulated by genetic and epigenetic control of cortisol. This suggests that the level of stress tolerance of each individual is formed by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors [7]. In addition, dysfunction of stress response systems directly affects the functioning of the central nervous system, affecting memory, emotional balance, and decision-making processes [8].

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the homeostatic changes that occur in response to stress, the interplay between cortisol and the sympathetic nervous system. Also, based on modern scientific sources, the short- and long-term physiological consequences of stress, as well as the role of cortisol in the disruption of adaptation mechanisms, are highlighted [9].

Stress, homeostasis, cortisol

MICROFLORA, Dilshodovich KH SHIELD OF INTESTINAL. "CHANGE EFFECT ON THE GLANDS." American Journal of Pediatric Medicine and Health Sciences (2993-2149) 1 (2023): 81-83.

Dilshodovich, Khalilov Hikmatulla, Kayimov Mirzohid Normurotovich, and Esanov Alisher Akromovich. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THYROID DISEASE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES." (2023).

To’laganovna, Y. M. (2025). SKELET MUSKULLARNING FIZIOLOGIYASI VA ULARNING ISHLASH MEXANIZMI: AKTIN VA MIOZIN VA ENERGIYA ASOSLARI. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE, 3(4), 54-60.

Tolaganovna, Y. M., & Shavkatjon o’g’li, A. A. (2025). INSON ORGANIZMIDA YURAK QON-TOMIR KALSALLIKLARI, MIOKARD INFARKTINING KELIB CHIQISH SABABLARI VA ULARNING OLISH CHORA–TADBIRLARI. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED MEDICAL SCIENCE, 3(4), 136-144.

Jоʻrаbеk, K. (2025). BUYRАK KАSАLLIKLАRGА ОLIB KELАDIGАN PАTАLОGIK HОLАTLАR VА ULАRNI ОLDINI ОLISH. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED MEDICAL SCIENCE, 3(4), 129-135.

Azimova, S. B., and H. D. Khalikov. "Modern pathogenetic aspects of urolithiasis development." The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 7.04 (2025): 21-24.

Dilshod ogli, Xalilov Hikmatulla, and Qayimov Mirzohid Normurotovich. "THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE." Web of Medicine: Journal of Medicine, Practice and Nursing 3, no. 5 (2025): 201-207.

To’laganovna, Yusupova Moxira. "SKELET MUSKULLARNING FIZIOLOGIYASI VA ULARNING ISHLASH MEXANIZMI: AKTIN VA MIOZIN VA ENERGIYA ASOSLARI." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 3.4 (2025): 54-60.

Ogli, Xalilov Hikmatulla Dilshod, Namiddinov Abror Anasbek Ogli, Sayfullayeva Durdona Dilshod Qizi, and Hikmatova Gulasal Farhodjon Qizi. "TELEMEDITSINANING PROFILAKTIK DAVOLANISHDA AHAMIYATI." Eurasian Journal of Academic Research 4, no. 4-2 (2024): 66-70.

Dilshod ogli, Xalilov Hikmatulla, Amirqulov Navro'zbek To'rayevich, and Shukurov Umidjon Majid o’g’li. "GIPOTIREOIDIZMNI EKSPERIMENTAL MODELLASHTIRISH." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED MEDICAL SCIENCE 3.2 (2025): 207-209.

Xalilov, H. D., Namiddinov, A. A., Berdiyev, O. V., & Ortiqov, O. S. (2024). GIPERTIROIDIZM VA YURAK ETISHMOVCHILIGI. Research and Publications, 1(1), 60-63.

Berdiyev, O. V., M. Quysinboyeva, and A. Sattorova. "Telemeditsina Orqali Qalqonsimon Bez Kasalliklarini Boshqarish." Open Academia: Journal of Scholarly Research 2.6 (2024): 69-74.

Karabayev, Sanjar. "SOG'LIQNI SAQLASHDA TELETIBBIYOT IMKONIYATLARI, XUSUSIYATLARI VA TO'SIQLARI." Yeвразийский журнал медицинских и естественных наук 3.2 Part 2 (2023): 41-46.

Шадманова, Н.К. and Халилов, Х.Д., 2023. НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ ИНТЕРЕС ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ВЕГЕТАТИВНОЙ РЕГУЛЯЦИИ ДИЗАДАПТИВНЫХ РЕАКЦИЙ СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТОЙ СИСТЕМЫ. Евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(8), pp.126-134.

Normurotovich, Qayimov Mirzohid, and Ganjiyeva Munisa Komil Qizi. "GIPOTIROIDIZM VA YURAK ETISHMOVCHILIGI." Eurasian Journal of Academic Research 4, no. 5-3 (2024): 14-19.

Normurotovich, Q. M. "Dilshod ogli XH RODOPSIN G OQSILLARI FILOGENETIK TAHLIL." Journal of new century innovations 43, no. 2 (2023): 178-183.

Maxira, Yusupova, Xalilov Hikmatulla Dilshod ogli, and Berdiyev Otabek Vahob ogli. "FIZIOLOGIYA FANI RIVOJLANISHI TIBBIYOTDAGI AHAMYATI. FIZIOLOGIYADA TADQIQOT USULLARI." PEDAGOG 7.12 (2024): 111-116.

MICROFLORA DK. CHANGE EFFECT ON THE GLANDS. American Journal of Pediatric Medicine and Health Sciences (2993-2149). 2023;1:81-3.

Dilshodovich, Khalilov Hikmatulla. "SHIELD OF INTESTINAL MICROFLORA CHANGE EFFECT ON THE GLANDS." American Journal of Pediatric Medicine and Health Sciences (29932149) 1 (2023): 81-83.

Dilshodovich, K.H., Normurotovich, K.M. and Akromovich, E.A., 2023. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THYROID DISEASE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES.

Dilshod ogly, Khalilov Hikmatulla, Shatursunova Madina Abdujamilovna, and Shukurov Umidjon Majid ogly. "THE IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE DETECTION OF KIDNEY DISEASES MODERN APPROACHES AND PROSPECTS." Western European Journal of Modern Experiments and Scientific Methods 3.04 (2025): 9-13.

Ikrom, T., 2025. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE CELLS ADAPTATION TO HYPOXIA. Western European Journal of Modern Experiments and Scientific Methods, 3(05), pp.15-22.

Ikrom, Tilyabov. "MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE CELLS ADAPTATION TO HYPOXIA." Western European Journal of Modern Experiments and Scientific Methods 3.05 (2025): 15-22.

Abdujamilovna, S.M. and Dilshod ogli, X.H., 2025. QAND MIQDORINING SUYAKLANISHGA TA’SIRI. Continuing education: international experience, innovation, and transformation, 1(10), pp.137-141.

Абдухаликова, Нигора Фахриддиновна, and Хикматулла Халилов. "РОЛЬ ЦИТОХРОМА И В МЕХАНИЗМАХ КЛЕТОЧНОГО ДЫХАНИЯ И ГИПОКСИИ." Advanced methods of ensuring the quality of education: problems and solutions 2.11 (2025): 62-68.

Абдухаликова, Нигора Фахриддиновна, and Хикматулла Халилов. "РОЛЬ СУКЦИНАТДЕГИДРОГЕНАЗЫ В МЕХАНИЗМАХ ГИПОКСИИ." Advanced methods of ensuring the quality of education: problems and solutions 2.11 (2025): 55-61.

Faxriddinovna, Abduxalikova Nigora, Xalilov Hikmatulla Dilshod ogli, and Jabborov Botir Baxodir ogli. "EOZINOFIL FAGASITOZ QILISH MEXANIZMLARI." Advanced methods of ensuring the quality of education: problems and solutions 2.11 (2025): 44-54.

Talipova, Noila, et al. "Genetic characteristics of the course of chronic hepatitis." E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 381. EDP Sciences, 2023.

Khasanov, B., et al. "CHRONIC HEPATITIS OF MOTHER AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM FORMATION OF POSTERITY." The Scientific Heritage 55-2 (2020): 42-43.

Dilshod, Qayimov Mirzohid Normurotovich Khalilov Khikmatulla. "oglu.(2025). THE INFLUENCE OF THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM [Data set]. Zenodo."

Абдухаликова, Нигора Фахриддиновна. "ГИПОКСИЕЙ ИНДУЦИРОВАННЫЙ ФАКТОР КАК МИШЕНЬ ФАРМАКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ." Медицинский журнал молодых ученых 15 (09) (2025): 133-140.

Ирискулов, Бахтиёр Уктамович, Нигора Фахриддиновна Абдухаликова, and Комола Толиховна Зупарова. "САХАРНЫЙ ДИАБЕТ И РОЛЬ МЕЛАТОНИНА В ЕГО РАЗВИТИИ И ЛЕЧЕНИИ." ИНФЕКЦИЯ, ИММУНИТЕТ и ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ (1999): 93.

ABDUKHALIKOVA, NF. "IMPORTANCE OF PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY IN PROLIFERATIVE PROCESSES." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 6.1 (2025): 27-34. Iriskulov, B. U., R. B. Tadjibaeva, and M. B. Nosirjonova. "Differential Diagnosis of Acute Leukemia in Children." (2024).

Fakhriddinovna, Sultonova Umida, Khaydarova Gavkhar Saidakhmatovna, and Abdukhalikova Nigora Fakhriddinovna. "LANGUAGE ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION THE FPI (VOICE HANDICAP INDEX) QUESTIONNAIRE IN UZBEK IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF VOICE DISORDERS IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE." International Journal of Modern Medicine 3.10 (2024): 60-73.

Абдухаликова, Нигора Фахриддиновна, and Бахтиёр Уктамович Ирискулов. "КЛЕТОЧНЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ ПАТОГЕНЕЗА МИОКАРДИАЛЬНОГО ПРЕКОНДИЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ." ИНФЕКЦИЯ, ИММУНИТЕТ и ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ (1999): 5.

Sultanova, U. F., G. S. Khaidarova, and N. F. Abdukhalikova. "Анкетирование пациентов для оценки состояния голосообразующего аппарата, как одна из методов ранней диагностики болезни Паркинсона." Eurasian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 3 (2024): 80-84.

Abdukhalikova, Nigora F., and Bakhtiyor U. Iriskulov. "EFFECT OF PLANT PHOTOSENSITIZER PSORALEN ON MITOCHONDRIAL STRUCTURES IN INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES." Central Asian Journal of Medicine.