Volume 7.
Issue 03.

Apple (Malus domestica) is a widely consumed fruit, known for its nutritional and health benefits. This study investigates the biochemical profile and antioxidant activity of fresh fruits from different apple genotypes, focusing on key components such as sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. A total of five apple genotypes (G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5) were selected, and the fruit samples were analyzed for their biochemical composition using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric methods. The results showed significant variability in sugar content, with fructose and glucose being the predominant sugars. Organic acids, such as malic acid, were found in varying concentrations across genotypes. Phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, demonstrated antioxidant activity, which was highest in Genotype G3. The study highlights the genetic variation in apple fruits that affects their nutritional composition and antioxidant potential, providing valuable information for breeding programs aimed at enhancing fruit quality.

The rapid evolution of Industry 4.0 has necessitated a paradigm shift from traditional "best-effort" networking to deterministic communication frameworks capable of supporting ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) has emerged as the foundational set of standards to provide these guarantees over Ethernet; however, the modern industrial landscape increasingly demands mobility and flexibility, shifting the focus toward wireless integrations. This research article provides an extensive investigation into the convergence of wired TSN standards with emerging wireless technologies, specifically 5G and IEEE 802.11be (WiFi 7). By analyzing the mechanisms of precise clock synchronization, scheduled traffic enhancements, and the impact of cyber-physical threats on synchronization stability, this paper establishes a holistic framework for next-generation industrial networks. We explore the architectural shifts from domain-specific E/E architectures in automotive sectors to zonal controllers and the integration of fault-tolerant dual-core lockstep systems. Furthermore, the paper delves into the security vulnerabilities inherent in the Precision Time Protocol (PTP), evaluating the impact of delay-box attacks and internal malicious actors on network integrity. Through a deep theoretical synthesis of current standards and empirical observations from recent literature, this study identifies the critical gaps in cross-layer synchronization and provides a roadmap for achieving microsecond-level jitter in heterogeneous wireless-wired industrial environments.

This article examines current approaches to modification and crystallization, as well as their practical applications in the field of materials science. An analysis of key modification tasks is provided, including the management of material structures, enhancement of their mechanical and chemical properties, and optimization of thermal and electrical characteristics.

An overview of contemporary research dedicated to steel crystallization processes is presented, with an emphasis on the use of rare earth elements, nanoparticles, and computer modeling methods. Experimental techniques for studying crystallization and modification processes, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and differential thermal analysis, are discussed.

The article also presents the results of studies on the effect of ultrafine powders on the structure and properties of materials, as well as the determination of the optimal powder concentration in a transporting gas medium. In conclusion, the importance of further improving modification methods to create innovative materials with specific characteristics is highlighted.

This study examines the potential application of used vegetable oil for the production of lubricating emulsions. It has been determined that for the bleaching of used vegetable oil with an acid value (AV) of 4.0 mg KOH/g, a 4% clay-based adsorbent is sufficient. The maximum emulsion stability, achieved after 8 minutes of ultrasonic treatment, corresponds to a formulation containing 20% vegetable oil, 3% emulsifier, and 0.2% NaHCO3. Further increasing the amount of vegetable oil improves the emulsion quality; however, it also raises production costs.

This article analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of integrating energy-efficient solutions and renewable energy sources (RES) into architectural design in Azerbaijan. The study begins by examining the current state of Azerbaijan's energy sector, which is heavily reliant on natural gas-fired thermal power plants, despite having substantial solar and wind energy potential. The primary aim is to identify optimal strategies for designing energy-efficient buildings in Azerbaijan, considering climatic conditions, available technologies, and economic factors. The methodology involves a multi-faceted approach: a review of passive and active energy efficiency strategies applicable to architectural design (including volumetric planning, natural lighting/ventilation, thermal insulation, shading, efficient HVAC, heat recovery, and Building Management Systems (BMS)); an assessment of Azerbaijan's solar and wind energy potential; and a multi-criteria SWOT analysis. Results indicate a significant, untapped potential for solar (23,000 MW) and wind (3,000 MW onshore, 157 GW offshore) energy in Azerbaijan. The SWOT analysis highlights the strong government support and favorable climate as major strengths, while acknowledging the current low RES penetration and a shortage of skilled professionals as weaknesses. Opportunities include declining global RES technology costs and a growing demand for "green" buildings. Threats include competition from the established fossil fuel sector and potential climate risks. The main conclusion is that integrating RES and energy-efficient design is not only technically feasible but also strategically vital for Azerbaijan's sustainable development, energy security, and environmental protection. Recommendations are formulated to develop an effective strategy for RES integration, focusing on supportive policies, capacity building, financial incentives, and public awareness campaigns. The findings contribute to the field of sustainable architecture by providing a context-specific analysis and practical guidance for architects, engineers, and policymakers in Azerbaijan and similar regions transitioning to a low-carbon energy future. The study's limitations include the reliance on publicly available data and the dynamic nature of energy policy, which requires ongoing monitoring and adaptation of strategies. The practical implications emphasize the need for updated building codes, training programs, and financial mechanisms to promote widespread adoption of energy-efficient and RES-integrated building designs.

This article presents the development of a native Swift library that parses .proto files—commonly used in Protocol Buffers (Protobuf)—without relying on the external protoc tool. It addresses a critical gap in Swift’s ecosystem by enabling direct, run-time access to Protobuf schemas. Drawing on the theoretical foundations of lexical analysis, the paper outlines how the library’s lexer and parser transform raw .proto input into descriptor structures amenable to dynamic serialization and integration with SwiftProtoReflect. The proposed approach substantially reduces dependency on external code generation and simplifies tasks such as documentation generation, code formatting, linting, and IDE-based tooling. Experimental evidence and test results show that the library can reliably handle core Protobuf features, including nested messages, enums, services, and custom options, thereby laying the groundwork for a fully Swift-based workflow in gRPC and Protocol Buffers development.