Volume 6.
Issue 03.

This study investigates soil compaction and its implications for soil fertility across different land uses in Bintulu, Sarawak. Soil compaction is a critical issue that can significantly impact soil health and productivity. Using field surveys and laboratory analyses, we assessed soil compaction levels and fertility parameters across various land use types, including agricultural, residential, industrial, and natural areas. Our findings reveal significant variations in soil compaction and fertility among the different land uses, highlighting the influence of human activities and land management practices. We discuss the relationships between soil compaction, soil fertility, and land use, emphasizing the importance of sustainable soil management practices for maintaining soil health and productivity in Bintulu, Sarawak.

Software-defined vehicles (SDVs) are shifting automotive engineering from fixed electronic-control-unit deployments toward continuously evolving cloud-connected, edge-compute, and AI-assisted software platforms. This transition enables adaptive features, predictive diagnostics, cybersecurity monitoring, over-the-air software updates, and data-driven user experiences; however, it also increases architectural complexity, update risk, attack surface, and operational uncertainty. This article proposes an AI-enabled cloud-edge architecture for adaptive, secure, and resilient automotive software systems. The architecture integrates centralized and zonal compute domains, Android-based embedded application services, secure cloud-to-edge update orchestration, edge AI inference for anomaly and risk scoring, zero-trust access enforcement, software-bill-of-materials-aware package validation, and recovery mechanisms for interrupted update and application workflows. Unlike conventional SDV reference models that separately discuss AI, OTA updates, cybersecurity, and resilience, the proposed architecture treats them as a unified lifecycle problem: software must be selected, validated, deployed, monitored, recovered, and improved across vehicle, edge, and cloud layers. The paper defines the system layers, data/control flows, AI model placement strategy, threat model, update workflow, resilience state machine, and evaluation metrics. The proposed framework is aligned with automotive software-update engineering, cybersecurity engineering, secure software development, AI risk-management, and cloud-edge security practices available through March 2024. The result is a practical technical architecture intended for next-generation automotive and embedded mobility platforms requiring reliable software evolution under safety, security, latency, and resource constraints.

This paper presents a detailed examination of the concepts of whole and fractional parts of a number. By solving various examples, the study aims to provide a clear understanding of these mathematical entities and their practical applications. The investigation encompasses a literature analysis, discussion of methodologies, presentation of results, and conclusions drawn from the findings.

This study conducts a comparative analysis of returns to technology and scale in broiler production across Peninsular Malaysia. Broiler production is a significant component of the poultry industry in Malaysia, and understanding the dynamics of technology adoption and production scale is crucial for sustainable growth and competitiveness. The research employs econometric methods to analyze data collected from broiler farms across different regions of Peninsular Malaysia. By examining the relationship between technology adoption, production scale, and returns, the study aims to provide insights into the factors influencing broiler production efficiency and profitability in the Malaysian context. The findings offer valuable implications for policymakers, farmers, and stakeholders seeking to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the broiler industry in Peninsular Malaysia.

The increasing demand for sustainable energy sources has propelled solar panels to the forefront of renewable energy technologies. This paper explores the significance of solar panels in addressing global energy challenges, their environmental impacts, and their role in the transition towards cleaner energy systems.

The traditional methods of teaching probability theory and combinatorics often fail to engage students and promote deep understanding. This study explores alternative teaching strategies that incorporate active learning, technology, and real-world applications to enhance student comprehension and interest in these mathematical fields. By comparing the effectiveness of these methods with conventional approaches, this research aims to provide educators with practical insights for improving mathematics education.