Articles
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DOI: Implementing Asynchronous Message-Driven Architectures to Achieve Sub-Second Response Time in High-Load Web Applications
Evgenii Lvov , I Head of engineering, senior full stack architect Batumi, GeorgiaAbstract
The article presents an analysis of architectural patterns that ensure guaranteed subsecond response time (P99 < 1000 ms) in high-load distributed software systems. The key methodological basis of the study is a comparative analysis of the performance of critical components of asynchronous architecture: message brokers (Apache Kafka, RabbitMQ, Pulsar), interservice communication protocols (REST, gRPC), and concurrency models (Reactive Streams, Virtual Threads), based on the interpretation of empirical data and benchmarks from 2024–2025. The study demonstrates the advantages of binary protocols over text-based ones, establishes the applicability boundaries of different message brokers depending on the load profile, and substantiates the feasibility of using Java 21 virtual threads for handling I/O operations. The results obtained have high practical relevance for systems architects, lead software engineers, and chief technology officers involved in the design of scalable web applications.
Keywords
Asynchronous architecture, microservices, response time, Apache Kafka, gRPC, virtual threads, event-driven architecture, Transactional Outbox, scalability, high-load systems.
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