In norm, the vertebral arteries branch from the subclavian arteries, passing cranially through the rib and transverse foramen of the sixth to second cervical vertebrae. They enter the skull through the greater occipital foramen, joining at the pontine and medulla oblongata to form the basilar artery, which divides afterwards into the two posterior cerebral arteries at the top of the pontine. At the base of the brain, the carotid and basilar systems connect to form the circle of villisia.

Our aim was to improve the efficacy of treatment of common strabismus in young children. Material and methods of research: The analysis of treatment efficacy was studied on 52 eyes (26 patients, equally boys and girls). All children were diagnosed with permanent, alternating strabismus. Results of the study: were considered positive for strabismus with the value of the deviation angle in the range from 0° to 5° according to Hirschberg. Visual acuity was determined by assessing the gaze fixation reaction when following an object and a light source. Conclusion: the optimal age for strabismus surgery in children is 4-6 years of age.

This article contains analysis of modern data upon infantile lactase deficiency, diagnostics and clinical presentation. Special attention is paid to the disease treatment analysis and its dietary correction. We present clinical variants of the disorder.

The gold standard in diagnosing epilepsy as well as predicting its clinical course is the electroencephalographic (EEG) examination method, which indicates the functioning of brain neurons and their excitability, which makes it possible to diagnose an epileptic focus. EEG is performed on patients with suspected or already diagnosed seizures to identify the type of epilepsy. The sensitivity of EEG for epilepsy is up to 50%; in 10% of epileptic patients epileptiform activity is not recorded [2].

Over the past 50 years, significant progress has been made in the treatment of cleft lip and palate. Cleft lip and nasal deformity can permanently transform at an early age to a minimal or residual variation of the norm. To date, it is possible to achieve predictable results of surgical treatment of patients with unilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity, in which a normal aesthetic appearance and preservation of function are an important goal of treatment. However, patients may require multiple surgical procedures, from infancy to adulthood, to achieve the desired function and aesthetic quality.

Epilepsy in women is caused by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system, and women with epilepsy have a higher incidence of disorders such as menstrual irregularities, polycystic ovary syndrome, and infertility. The incidence of sexual dysfunction in the group of women with epilepsy ranges from 14 to 50%.

It was found that epileptic seizures and long-term use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) lead to reproductive disorders of the female body, affecting the endocrine, hormonal, and sexual spheres of the female body.

Statistically, in 1 in 10 adult patients, first-onset epilepsy is associated with a history of stroke, and this aetiology occurs in 1 in 4 patients aged 65 years and older with epilepsy. Incidence rates are higher in patients with intracranial, that is, intracerebral or subarachnoid haemorrhage. Haemorrhage increases the risk of seizures by up to 10- 16%. The risk of subsequent development of epilepsy is highest in patients with remote and sequelae of ischaemic stroke. Classification of seizures in stroke and their frequency Seizures develop in different stages of stroke. Depending on the time of onset, they can be divided into the following types: precursor seizures, early and late seizures. Unfortunately, there is currently no consensus among neurologists about the timing of the onset of these seizures . The most common definitions are that early attacks are those that occurred in the first 24-48 h, the first week, the first 2 weeks, and 1 month from the onset of stroke.

Viral hepatitis (VH) belongs to the category of infectious diseases of the human body that develop under the influence of viruses, which are diverse in nature, in the ways of their spread and transmission from a patient to a healthy person and have one identical attribute - liver damage. VG is an atroponous infection, which means that their pathogens in natural conditions can only be present in the human body.

In hepatitis of viral origin, pathogens have a selective similarity (tropism) to liver cells. For this reason, the early location of viruses and their replication (reproduction) are manifested mainly in the liver tissue, primarily in liver cells (hepatocytes).

 According to the nature and duration of development, hepatitis of viral origin is divided into acute and chronic. The threshold among these two types of disease is relatively taken into account 6 months from the onset of the disease or in certain patients from the onset of infection (if the disease does not develop) and up to 6 months - acute hepatitis B or acute virus carrier, after 6 months - chronic hepatitis or chronic virus carrier. [4; 8].

According to WHO, in different countries of the world more than 2 billion people are infected with viral hepatitis (VH), while about 350 million are carriers of hepatitis B and 500 million of hepatitis C [3; 5].

All known hepatitis viruses are present in the CIS countries. In relation to parenteral infections of viral hepatitis, the CIS countries belong to the region with a moderate incidence rate (35.2 cases per 100,000 people). In Tatarstan, the share of viral hepatitis "B" and "C" in the total number of viral hepatitis is 80%. According to some authors [1], the number of so-called "virus carriers" of infection is growing in our republic, more than 10,000-12,000 primary carriers of hepatitis B and C viruses are registered annually. However, the registered incidence is only a part of the true incidence and only the visible part of the "iceberg". This is due to the fact that most cases of hepatitis B occur outside the scope of medical diagnosis, without jaundice and with minor clinical symptoms. However, the anicteric form of parenteral hepatitis is less dangerous than the icteric form in terms of infection and consequences [10].

Viral hepatitis B and C belong to the group of viral hepatitis with a parenteral transmission mechanism. These pathogenic viruses are taxonomically distinct. Common features are the parenteral transmission mechanism and the obligatory circulation of the virus in the blood [7].

Viral hepatitis B is a strictly parenteral infection caused by the IIBV virus, including CMV; IIBV is highly resistant to cold, heat, chemical and physical attack. It persists for 3 months at room temperature and 25 years in dried plasma; a direct correlation has been demonstrated between IIBV duration and blood levels. [6].

The source of transmission of the virus (HBV) can be all forms of acute and chronic HBV, as well as virus carriers. More important as the main source of infection for the epidemic potential are chronic forms of HBV infection than acute ones. An important role is played by chronic carriers of HbsAg and patients with clinically icteric form of IIBV; the ability of IIBV to persist for a long time, often for life, in the human body is considered as an ecological form of its existence [3; 5].

The most fully studied artificial (artifacial) ways of HBV infection as a result of various parenteral therapeutic, diagnostic, therapeutic and non-medical manipulations, leading to a violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes and skin. The source of infection can be contaminated blood products, medical equipment and instruments, transplanted organs and tissues; transfusion of blood or blood products containing HBV can also cause infection (post-transfusion hepatitis) [8; 11].

In addition to medical procedures, non-medical parenteral injections are of paramount importance in the transmission of IIBV infections. This is especially true of intravenous administration of drugs, which has become widespread in recent years. According to a number of authors [2], it has been shown that in recent years there has been a rapid increase in the number of patients with acute viral hepatitis "B", which is associated with the use of intravenous drugs, and a quantitative increase in the incidence is observed among young men aged 15 to 30 years. . Below is a list of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis B.

The purpose of this study is to substantiate the functional features of periodontal tissues in chronic hepatitis B, C and mixed infection B + C.

Congenital cleft lip and palate (cheiloschisis) is a soft tissue cleft in the middle part of the lip (colloquially known as "harelip") and/or a cleft palate (colloquially known as "wolf's mouth"). This severe malformation of the maxillofacial region is accompanied by gross functional disorders. In addition, the peculiarity of this pathology is a pronounced deformation of the nose in the form of shortening of the nasal septum, flattening of the tip and wings of the nose. Pathologically attached muscles of the upper lip and nasal region further aggravate these deformities.

Ascites in ovarian cancer can reach any volume. As a rule, a small effusion without clinical manifestations is not removed, it regresses against the background of systemic chemotherapy. In ovarian cancer ascites is rarely very large, but the abdomen can be huge due to the combination of several litres of fluid with a large mass of tumour. Ascites that interferes with normal life is necessarily evacuated. Due to the accumulation of fluid can cause shortness of breath and swelling of the legs, impaired breathing and nutrition - vomiting just eaten and drunk. In such situations, a laparocentesis must be performed.

The stable growth and prevalence of mandibular fractures in the structure of injuries of the maxillofacial region against the background of an active process of urbanization determines the urgency of improving diagnostic methods, as well as the development of the most effective comprehensive treatment regimens. In this study, the effect of the drug Traumel® S as part of drug therapy on the processes of consolidation of fragments and healing of fractures of the lower jaw was studied. Along with clinical research methods, the effectiveness of the drug was studied by assessing changes in bone density in the fracture zone using radiography and echosteometry.

We studied 124 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and atrial fibrillation (AF) who were treated in the intensive care unit of Samarkand regional branch of the Republican Specialised Scientific and Practical Medical Centre of Cardiology. To determine the quality of life of AMI and FP patients we developed a software product "Assessment of patients' quality of life and their compliance to treatment". The study revealed that out of 124 patients with AMI and FP 37 (29,8%) patients had unsatisfactory quality of life, 35 (28,2%) patients had satisfactory, 28 (22,5%) patients had good and 24 (19,35%) patients had excellent quality of life. The quality of life was much higher in patients without FP, i.e. 28 (33.3%) patients had excellent quality of life, 30 (35.7%) patients had good quality of life, 19 (22.6%) patients had satisfactory quality of life and 7 (8.3%) patients rated their condition as unsatisfactory. Thus, the results of our study showed that patients with AMI without FP had good QoL in contrast to patients with AMI+FP. This indicates that FP causes deterioration of QOL indicators in the form of increased severity of disease symptoms, restriction of physical activity, disorders in the psycho-emotional sphere. The condition of patients with AMI+FP is assessed as uncompliant, whereas patients with isolated AMI were less compliant. Occurrence of atrial fibrillation paroxysms may have been associated with the lack of compliance to the medications prescribed by the attending physician and reduced quality of life of patients.

This study aims to investigate the prevalence and impact of occupational lifestyle disorders among bank clerical staff in Hyderabad, Telangana. Bank clerical staff often face demanding work schedules, prolonged sitting, high levels of stress, and sedentary lifestyle, which can contribute to the development of various occupational lifestyle disorders. Through surveys, medical examinations, and data analysis, this study examines the occurrence of disorders such as musculoskeletal problems, obesity, hypertension, and psychological distress among bank clerical staff. The findings shed light on the magnitude of occupational lifestyle disorders in this population and provide insights into potential preventive measures and interventions to improve the health and well-being of bank clerical staff in Hyderabad, Telangana.

Thrombosis is a complex disorder influenced by various genetic factors. This research paper aims to investigate the genetic risk factors associated with thrombosis in a sample of the Iraq population. Understanding the genetic determinants of thrombosis is crucial for early detection, prevention, and personalized treatment strategies. This study examines a sample of the Iraq population to identify specific genetic variations and polymorphisms that may contribute to an increased risk of thrombosis. Through genetic analysis techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing, the study explores the prevalence and potential impact of these genetic risk factors on thrombosis. The findings provide valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of thrombosis in the Iraq population and may have implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and targeted interventions.

Non-interventional (observational) studies, which are of great medical and social importance, are one of the methods to assess the effectiveness and safety of pharmaceutical products in routine clinical practice, to clarify the risk profile and benefits of certain therapies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamin and mineral complex "Vitrum Prenatal Forte" in the prevention of hypovitaminosis and mineral deficiency in pregnancy to improve maternal and perinatal outcomes. One of the important aims of the large-scale study was to evaluate the efficacy of the drug Vitrum Prenatal Forte in the prevention and treatment of anaemia in pregnant women. This article reviews the epidemiology of iron deficiency, features of iron metabolism, etiology and pathogenesis of iron deficiency in pregnant women and maternity women, approaches to the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia and iron deficiency, methods of prevention and treatment of iron deficiency states.

Snake venom contains a complex mixture of bioactive components that can have profound effects on various physiological processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of snake (Naja naja) venom on DNA damage in albino rats. Albino rats were injected with a controlled dosage of Naja naja venom, and the extent of DNA damage was assessed using various molecular techniques. The results revealed a significant increase in DNA damage in the venom-injected rats compared to the control group. The observed DNA damage included single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and oxidative damage. The findings highlight the potential genotoxic effects of snake venom on DNA integrity and suggest the importance of further research to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop appropriate therapeutic interventions.