The research aims to clarify the concept of management by objectives and its role in improving project management by improving employee performance. It also explains the importance of management by objectives and clarifies the concept of project management, its importance, and the factors that help improve it. It also describes the concept of employee performance and the factors that help improve and develop performance. In order to test the research hypothesis, the statistical analysis program (SPSS) was used. The research sample was a group of Iraqi companies, and the research sample was 199. After conducting the statistical analysis, it appeared that management by objectives plays a significant and positive role in improving project management by developing project management factors (human resources, costs, time). It also improves employee performance by developing (commitment, efficiency, and time). This requires the company's management to take serious steps to develop a strategy based on several organizational objectives that help increase the productive efficiency of employees. In addition, the company should use a performance evaluation system for employees in order to correct errors and address future problems.

Background

The plight of orphans, exacerbated by conflict, disease, and socioeconomic factors, remains a pressing global issue, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Nigeria, notably impacted by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, terrorism, and natural disasters, has witnessed a substantial increase in orphan populations. These children face severe challenges, including child abuse, malnutrition, limited access to education, stigmatization, and a range of psychological and behavioural disorders. Despite some interventions, orphanages primarily address material needs, often neglecting comprehensive medical, social, and psychosocial support. This study explores the behavioural patterns of orphans in Kaduna, Nigeria, and examines how their medical and social challenges compare across various orphanages.

Methodology
A cross-sectional, comparative analysis was conducted among 100 orphans from selected orphanages in Kaduna. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires assessing socio-demographics, medical conditions, behavioural patterns, stigma, psychosocial status, and coping strategies.

Results
The mean age of respondents was 10 years, with 68% being male. Nutritional issues were prevalent, with 53.7% classified as underweight despite 54.9% reportedly consuming balanced diets. Medical concerns were significant, with 33.7% showing clinical signs of illness and 46.7% not fully immunized. Behavioural issues were prominent, including hyperactivity symptoms (27.0%), enuresis (22.3%), and depressive symptoms (1.8%). Socially, most respondents (83.3%) reported positive peer relationships, though bullying (11.4%) and stigmatization (9%) were also observed. Educational access was generally high, with only 2.2% not attending school. However, social support systems varied, with 35.2% reporting strong support and 46.8% adapting their goals as a coping mechanism.

Conclusion
The findings highlight the complex medical and behavioural challenges faced by orphans in Kaduna's orphanages, underscoring the need for integrated interventions that provide medical, psychosocial, and educational support. A holistic approach is crucial to improving their overall well-being and future prospects.

ZENODO DOI:- https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13955072

Free Space Light Communication (FSLC) represents a promising alternative to traditional wired and radio frequency-based communication systems, offering high data transmission rates and enhanced security. This study explores the optimization of FSLC systems to maximize high-speed data transmission. We investigate various technological advancements and techniques, including adaptive optics, advanced modulation schemes, and error correction algorithms, to enhance the performance and reliability of FSLC. By analyzing the impact of atmospheric conditions, beam divergence, and receiver sensitivity on signal quality, we propose strategies to mitigate signal degradation and improve overall system efficiency. Our findings demonstrate that through careful optimization and the implementation of cutting-edge technologies, FSLC can achieve data rates comparable to or exceeding those of current communication technologies. This study provides a comprehensive overview of best practices and emerging trends in FSLC, aiming to support the development of next-generation high-speed communication systems.

This study underscores the slow adoption of eco-friendly practices, particularly in high-emission sectors ("brown" businesses), and emphasizes the role of sustainable financing in implementation of environmentally sustainable business practices, with a particular interest in such types of corporate financing as sustainability-linked loans and a relatively new type of financing provided to companies with core business falling under eligible green criteria (loans for green businesses). The purpose was to identify existing challenges preventing promotion of these two types of sustainable financing and borrowers’ sustainable transformation, and propose potential solutions addressing these challenges. The analysis was performed based on a vast literature review. The study revealed the existence of such challenges as borrowers’ profit-driven motives, lack in regulatory transparency, concerns of financial institutions about their profitability and risk of greenwashing, and insufficient governmental support. To address these challenges, regulatory measures are recommended to incentivize financial institutions to offer reduced interest rates on loans for green business and sustainability-linked loans, with governments compensating such losses through imposing higher taxes on “brown” businesses. The study also proposes a potential action plan on amending the regulatory framework with the main focus on the need to develop respective changes with the involvement of all relevant stakeholders. It also addresses the need of establishing mandatory criteria for recognizing businesses as green to qualify for green business loans, and obligatory KPIs for each industry outlining clear targets for improving a company's sustainability profile to be eligible for sustainability-linked loans. These obligatory criteria and KPIs may be adjusted by financial institutions depending on aspects being material for the borrower. The borrower’s compliance with criteria set for green business loans should be regularly reported and verified by an expert company, similarly to the existing rules for sustainability-linked loans. Further, the study proposes incorporating a regulatory body to oversee compliance of financial institutions with these regulations and introducing penalties for their violations, and performing monitoring and adaptation of a regulatory framework, if necessary. The suggested amendments, being subject to a comprehensive feasibility study, are intended to promote the considered types of sustainable financing and boost transit to eco-friendly business practices.

ZENODO DOI:- https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13955112

The intersection of biotechnology and nanotechnology is poised to revolutionize the fashion industry, ushering in an era of smart clothing that integrates advanced materials and functional design. This overview explores how these cutting-edge technologies are transforming fashion, focusing on the development and application of smart textiles that offer enhanced performance, sustainability, and user experience. Biotechnology contributes to the creation of innovative materials, such as bioengineered fibers and self-healing fabrics, which not only improve the functionality of clothing but also address environmental concerns by reducing waste and promoting recyclability. Meanwhile, nanotechnology enables the incorporation of nanoscale materials and coatings, imparting properties such as stain resistance, water repellency, and even dynamic color changes.

The integration of these technologies results in garments that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also responsive to environmental stimuli and user needs. For instance, smart textiles can regulate body temperature, monitor health metrics, and adapt to varying conditions, offering unprecedented levels of comfort and convenience. Additionally, the fusion of biotech and nanotech in fashion supports the development of more sustainable production processes and eco-friendly materials, aligning with the growing demand for environmentally responsible fashion solutions.

This overview highlights key advancements in smart clothing, examines current research and applications, and discusses the potential implications for the future of fashion. By analyzing the benefits and challenges associated with biotech and nanotech innovations, the study provides a comprehensive perspective on how these technologies are shaping the future of the fashion industry and setting new standards for functionality and sustainability in clothing.

The purpose of this article is to determine the essence and theoretical features of marketing and branding in the confectionery and cafe industry, as well as the challenges associated with marketing activities in these establishments.

The main research methods used in the article include induction, synthesis, analysis, comparison, and generalization.

The specific features of marketing activities in confectioneries and cafes have been identified. The impact of marketing efforts on service delivery in these establishments has been studied. Key problems arising from marketing activities and brand promotion in confectioneries and cafes have been identified. Various tools used in marketing efforts within this industry, which constitute the marketing mix or marketing complex, have been explored. The peculiarities of developing a marketing plan for confectioneries and cafes using the “5R+1C” integrated marketing model, and elements of the marketing mix specific to the food industry, are discussed. The ecosystem of the internet marketing strategy for confectioneries and cafes is outlined. The necessity for increasing social media activity (SMM) and enhancing market recognition, as well as developing a user-friendly website with online table reservations and sweet order functionalities, has been emphasized. Directions for optimizing the digital strategy effectiveness for confectioneries and cafes, focused on improving brand recognition among target audiences, are proposed. Factors influencing the selection of Google’s contextual media network for the promotion of confectioneries and cafes are outlined. The required changes for social media pages and websites to enhance brand promotion are discussed. International experiences regarding the efficacy of business tools in the food industry, incorporating marketing concepts, are also explored. The main idea of advertising campaigns, centered around creating favorable conditions for customer purchases and replicating the brand’s style in every part of the establishment, is reviewed. The specifics of consumer loyalty, shaped by the brand’s appearance, communication, establishment design, and available offerings, are also examined.

zenodo DOI:- https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13934973