Institute of Najaf Technical,Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Al-Najaf 31001, IraqCultural and historical settings play a significant role in shaping architectural design. This article delves into the relationship between cultural heritage, architecture, and cultural narratives, looking at how physical environments reflect and shape social practices, historical traditions, and cultural practices. The study emphasizes how architects integrate indigenous materials, cultural symbols, and historical allusions into their designs by comparing and contrasting diverse architectural styles and movements across different areas and eras. A hybrid architectural language incorporating multiple cultural aspects is also addressed in the article, delving into the impact of globalization in this regard. Modern design approaches emphasize cultural sustainability and heritage protection, as seen in case studies from the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia, demonstrating the interconnected nature of culture, history, and architecture. To promote a more sophisticated and context-sensitive method of design that pays tribute to and breathes new life into cultural heritage, the results stress the significance of cultural literacy in architectural training and practice.

The study of neologisms, as a modern and interesting field of linguistics, represents new words and expressions, new concepts, technologies or phenomena. The article refers to local mass media publications in order to understand the development and changes of the language. In addition, examples of research work done by linguists on neologisms are cited. Through this, theoretical features of new words are emphasized. In their study, statistical analyzes are presented on the example of various neologisms. More than 300 words collected from the Internet publication “Kun.uz” was analyzed for their linguistic features through the AntConc application.

Power transformers are critical components in electrical power systems, and their reliable protection is essential for maintaining system stability and preventing equipment damage. This study evaluates modern digital differential protection techniques specifically designed for power transformers. With advancements in digital technology, traditional protection schemes have evolved, offering improved accuracy, speed, and adaptability. The research begins with an overview of the fundamental principles of digital differential protection and contrasts them with traditional analog methods. Key areas of focus include the operational principles of digital protection relays, the impact of sampling rates, and the implementation of advanced algorithms for fault detection and isolation.

Through a combination of theoretical analysis and practical simulations, the study assesses the performance of various digital differential protection techniques under different fault conditions and operating scenarios. Metrics such as fault detection speed, accuracy of fault location, and reliability of protection schemes are evaluated. The study also explores the integration of digital protection systems with modern communication technologies and their implications for real-time monitoring and control. The findings highlight the advantages of modern digital differential protection, including enhanced sensitivity, reduced susceptibility to noise, and improved fault discrimination. However, the study also identifies challenges such as the need for precise calibration and the complexities of system integration. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into the effectiveness and limitations of current digital differential protection techniques for power transformers. The results offer guidance for engineers and practitioners in selecting and implementing appropriate protection strategies to enhance the reliability and safety of power transformer systems.

The state's level of development, economic well-being, security of its citizens and the rule of law depend on its proper governance. How well the public administration organized is based on the effectiveness of local administration, which is its component. This article analyzes the reforms implemented in Uzbekistan in recent years to improve public administration, in particular, local administration, and the work carried out in the legislation in this field.

Xenophobia, a persistent issue in Africa, is defined by dread, hatred, or discrimination against foreigners. This study aims to comprehend the fundamental causes, social impact, and potential solutions of xenophobia in Africa by examining its origins and manifestations. It analyzes the numerous manifestations of xenophobia, evaluates its impact on individuals, communities, and societies, and investigates the historical, social, economic, and political factors contributing to it. This study employs a historical research design, with the Xenowatch interface as the primary data source. It is founded on social identity theory. The dashboard comprehensively overviews the frequency, location, and impact of xenophobic incidents in South Africa. The study analyzes this data to identify trends, patterns, and correlations, providing a comprehensive overview of the country's xenophobia manifestations. The study's results indicate a concerning prevalence of xenophobic discrimination in South Africa, with a concentration of incidents in urban centers. The data emphasizes the influence of historical legacies, economic disparities, political manipulation, and social factors on the development of xenophobic sentiments. The study also emphasizes the catastrophic repercussions of xenophobia, which include economic harm, displacement, loss of life, and violence. This investigation concludes that a comprehensive approach, which includes legal reforms, economic empowerment, education, community engagement, and regional cooperation, is necessary to combat African xenophobia. The complexity of the issue demands multifaceted solutions. Policymakers, practitioners, and civil society organizations are crucial in creating effective strategies to address this issue and promote more inclusive and harmonious societies by comprehending xenophobia's underlying causes and manifestations. Their involvement is vital in implementing these strategies and fostering a more inclusive society.

This study examines the dynamic landscape of educational reform and planning in Kenya, highlighting recent developments and emerging insights. In response to evolving educational needs and socio-economic changes, Kenya has undertaken substantial reforms aimed at enhancing educational quality, accessibility, and relevance. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of these reforms, including policy shifts, curriculum updates, and institutional strategies. By exploring both successes and challenges, the study sheds light on the effectiveness of current educational planning practices and their impact on students and educators. Key areas of focus include the integration of technology, the promotion of inclusive education, and efforts to bridge regional disparities. Through qualitative and quantitative data, the paper offers a critical evaluation of Kenya’s educational reforms and proposes recommendations for future improvements. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in educational transformation and provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers.