This study presents a comparative analysis of different proportional-integral (PI) controller tuning methods for the control of a non-interacting liquid level process. Four different PI controller tuning methods, Ziegler-Nichols, Cohen-Coon, Tyreus-Luyben, and Internal Model Control, are evaluated based on their ability to track setpoint changes and reject disturbances. The simulation results show that all four tuning methods can provide satisfactory performance, but the Internal Model Control method outperforms the others in terms of all performance metrics evaluated. The Ziegler-Nichols method produces the worst performance, while the Cohen-Coon and Tyreus-Luyben methods perform better but still have limitations. This study highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate tuning method for liquid level control systems.

Nigeria's economy is heavily reliant on the oil industry, making external reserves and interest rates crucial indicators of economic stability and development. This paper examines the long-term relationship between interest rates and external reserves in Nigeria using cointegration analysis. The study finds a significant long-term relationship between the two variables and suggests that external reserves have a causal relationship with interest rates, indicating that external reserves are a crucial determinant of interest rates in Nigeria. The findings have important implications for policymakers in Nigeria, highlighting the importance of maintaining a stable external reserve to ensure economic stability and growth.

Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in driving economic growth, employment generation, and innovation. However, these enterprises face numerous challenges in the dynamic business landscape, along with various opportunities to thrive and expand. This article examines the challenges and opportunities for MSMEs and explores strategies to navigate these complexities. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and case studies, to gather data from a diverse sample of MSMEs. The results highlight key challenges such as limited access to finance, market competition, regulatory compliance burdens, and skill shortages. On the other hand, opportunities such as digital transformation, access to new markets, and supportive government policies emerged as potential avenues for MSME growth. The discussion section critically analyzes the findings and offers recommendations to enhance MSME competitiveness, including tailored business strategies, technological adoption, skill development initiatives, and policy reforms. This article contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the challenges and opportunities faced by MSMEs, providing insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners involved in fostering the growth and sustainability of these enterprises.

Every science develops and improves with time. The development of the science of Latin language and medical terminology in the field of medicine is related to medical sciences. The names of medical news, diseases, and drugs have been given in Latin-Greek for centuries and will remain so. It is not for nothing that Latin is recognized as the international medical language. This will further help medical scientists to work together.