Organization Of Leisure In The Cities Of Karakalpakstan In 1960-1980

Organization of leisure of the population in the cities of Karakalpakstan in 1960-1980sis analyzed in the article as well as the meaning of the ‘leisure’ term is determined. The cultural leisure of townspeople was sufficiently divorced. The organization of the leisure was based not only on the party and state directions, but on active amateur involvement of the population groups in cultural life of the regions. Development of city infrastructure and increase of living standards of the population required improvement in all fields of industry and livelihood of the society. The peculiarity of leisure organization for Soviet citizens is uncovered in the article. It differs by its ideological purpose and intension to involve citizens into achievement of the goals stated by the government for the industrial enterprises. The methodology of the research is based on local materials. In this research we focused on specifics and problems of leisure and recreation activities of Karakalpak region during the studied period of time. The scientific novelty of the research is that the research of the leisure and recreation activities within the period from 1960’s to 1980’s has been studied for the first time in Karakalpakstan. The social problems of the region and ways to solve these problems by the government of the Republic were studied on the basis of statistic data, archives and articles of that period.

The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations (ISSN -2689-100x) INTRODUCTION Cities in the history of mankind are one of the most progressive types of settlements, representing complex and multifaceted organisms in which socio-demographic, economic, cultural, ethnic and other processes interact. With the industrialization of society and the formation of the urban way of life, there was a selection and development of leisure activities sphere, a mass culture was formed, to which all segments of the urban population were included by the middle of the 20th century.
The concept of 'leisure' should be defined before proceeding to the presentation of the urban population leisure problems in Karakalpakstan.
Historian, S.Yu. Malysheva mentions about the origin of the concept notes that the idea of leisure as a 'recreation time', 'idle time' is associated with technological, economic and cultural changes of the XIX century, which led to the transition to the industrial epoch.

THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS
Development of the industries, division and organization of labor destroyed the monopoly, distinctive for traditional societies of a common time-cycle of work and leisure alternation stimulated the delineation of these two spheres and contributed to the emergence of the 'category of idle time' that is most important for modernization discourse (Malysheva, 2014).
Reflecting further, she came to the conclusion that: '... during the second half of the XIXbeginning of the XX century, in parallel with the process of differentiation of work and rest spheres in the language, the semantics of concepts denoting leisure and idleness gradually changed... These seemingly insignificant movements at first glance indicated milestones in the formation of mass urban leisure as an independent sphere of activity, where the business activity of various strata of the population was directed and where representatives of these strata were rushing to search for new sensations, impressions, and knowledge' (Malysheva, 2014).
Club cultural institutions (houses and palaces of culture), theaters, cinemas, museums, radio and television played an important role in the organization of the population leisure in the cities. These cultural organizations, carrying out cultural and educational work among the population, created conditions for selfrealization, for creative and social activities. In general, the above-mentioned forms of leisure formed a special social and information space, intended both for the physical and spiritual development of people, as well as for In the 1960s, radio became one of the elements of leisure. The first radio station in Karakalpakstan appeared in the 1930s, and initially it had six radio nodes. By 1970, the radio network existed in all villages of Karakalpakstan. These years a humorous radio journal was the most popular broadcast among all radio listeners regardless of age. Particularly interesting programs were broadcasted on Saturdays and Sundays. People listened to the theatrical performances broadcasts with great interest. Most common broadcast was a very popular musical drama radio show 'Aigul-Abat' by Zholmurza Aimurzayev staged according to Abdiraman Utepov's play 'Tenintapkankyz'. (Bekmuratova, 1970).
By 1985 more than 96% of the population had radios. Network of radio broadcasting in the rural areas developed significantly these years. Stanislavsky'), from the very beginning of its existence performed not only in Nukus, the capital of the republic, but also went on tour to the regional theaters and collective farms, as well as to the most remote corners of the republic to the Aral Sea fishermen, livestock breeders of Kyzylkum and Ustyurt. They staged not only Karakalpak dramatists'plays, but also other plays by Gogol, Ostrovsky and Vishnevsky translated into Karakalpak language.
There were 194 art amateur talent groups in the republic in 1961. They were attended by about 5,000 art lovers such as collective farmers, workers, students, employees, and others. These clubs performed with concerts and productions, and served as one of the main bases for the theater personnel training. The Republican House of Folk Art and two popular theaters rendered great assistance to the amateur groups (Karakalpaks, 1962).
There were eight folk theaters and ensembles and more than 900 amateur art groups functioning in Karakalpakstan by the 1970s and 1980s.
Theater performances were getting popular over time. There were many plays by local authors devoted to modernity. The musical comedy 'Taluas' by Khodzhaniyazov S., 'Zhaylaudatoi' (Wedding in the pasture) by N. Eshmatov and R. Eshimbetov and others were very popular (Bekmuratova, 1970).  Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that the houses and palaces of culture acted not only as social translators of cultural codes, moralethical norms and social rules, but also as the development regulators for the socio-cultural life in certain regions of the country.
The organization of leisure for the Karakalpakstan population as one of the most important directions of cultural and educational work occurred to be the part of the social order for cultural institutions in 1960-1980. The fulfillment of the abovementioned tasks was particularly significant during the years of Khrushchev's 'thaw' (1953)(1954)(1955)(1956)(1957)(1958)(1959)(1960)(1961)(1962)(1963)(1964), when the state first drew attention to acute social problems of people and their unsatisfactory financial situation, low level of access to cultural goods, weak and poor art services in remote areas of the country.
The conditions for organizing the population's leisure changed qualitatively in the 1960s due to internal changes in the country. During this period the socio-economic development of the country allowed to restore and expand the network of cultural institutions (houses and palaces of culture). In addition, an important factor that brought some progress in this area was the decision of the Twentieth Congress of the CPSU about the general reduction of the working day and the working week (Gunzburg, 1966 Thus, during the period studied the time for rest of Soviet citizens was legislatively increased for 1 hour, and the preservation of the old salary and its general increase motivated citizens to expand their leisure activities. This circumstance intensified the process of organizing leisure and its cultural space both in Karakalpakstan and other particular republics. A certain work was carried out in the republic to prepare the organization of a mass recreation of workers. The cultural leisure time of the citizens during Soviet times was quite diverse and included visits to the museums and to the main city centers which existed in large cities and regional centers of the republic. The state laid great store on the creation of museums that were the custodians of historical memory. With the aim to promote the historical past and restore cultural heritage among the population, there were initiatedsuch actions as lectures and conversations on 'Our Land 1000 Years Ago' and 'Our Region', there were prepared programs about ancient cities and memorable places in Karakalpakstan including 'Mizdahkan', 'Toprakkala','Big Guldursun','Karakum Ishan','Tas Hospital', 'Ishan Kala', and others (CSA RK. Fund 173, inventory 3/1, f. 78).
The Museum of Regional Studies of Karakalpakstan is one of the oldest scientific The Karakalpakstan State Museum of Art named after Savitsky is the richest collection of art of the Karakalpak people. The museum is considered to be the best in the country, and it is well known beyond borders. Its collection includes of items of material culture of ancient and medieval Khorezm as well as Karakalpak folk arts and crafts. Department of Fine Arts is the largest artistic discovery. It represents not only the national art school of Karakalpakstan, but also the creations of the picturesque culture founders of Uzbekistan, who worked in Central Asia in the early twentieth century. If by the time of the opening, the museum had only 3,000 exhibits, by the end of the 1980s the number of exhibits had already exceeded 50,000 (CSA RK. Fund 173, inventory 3/1, file 46).
Thus, it can be seen that cultural institutions, despite numerous problems with the material and technical base and staffing, have done a tremendous job in organizing leisure activities for citizens using various forms, methods and means.
Party and state bodies' directness and wide amateur creative work of various population groups and their participation in the cultural life of the region made significant contributions to the organization of leisure in 1953-1964.
It is obvious, that culture institutions' activity in 1960-1980s corresponded production goals of enterprises and conformed to 'the aim to mobilize workers' attention to fulfilling tasks of the production enterprise'. The development of urban infrastructure for industrial services influenced the nature of leisure, and "production purposefulness" determined the forms, methods and means of activity in the organization of leisure for Soviet citizens.