Role Of Phonetic Borrowing In The Formation Of Medical Terms In The Chinese Language

Many elements of foreign languages have been incorporated into Chinese throughout its long history. However, the issue of borrowing from a foreign language in Chinese is of great interest. The study of this problem, along with the theoretical, is of great practical importance. Ignorance of the methods of borrowing foreign vocabulary, its features and structure, the inability to distinguish sound borrowing from words of Chinese origin quite often confuses the translator and leads to semantic errors. Borrowing vocabulary can occur verbally (phonetic) and written (semantic). Loans in Chinese can be of four types: phonetic; semantic; semi-semantic, semi-phonetic; hybrid type, where elements of both languages are present. This article discusses the types of phonetic borrowing and their role in the formation of medical terminology in the Chinese language.


INTRODUCTION
During the entire long history of its existence, a large number of foreign language elements penetrated into the Chinese language. Although foreign borrowings in the Chinese language are increasing every day, it is not as large as in Russian and other languages. The uneven development of scientific and technical sciences in different countries, the need to promote new concepts and candidates for advanced international relations make The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations (ISSN -2689-100x) Published: October 29, 2020 | Pages: 223-226 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-37 IMPACT FACTOR 2020: 5. 525 OCLC -1121105668 borrowing foreign words one of the most important sources of filling the lexical structure of any language. However, the question of foreign language borrowings in the Chinese language is of considerable interest. The study of this problem, along with the theoretical, is of great practical importance. Ignorance of the methods of borrowing foreign vocabulary, its features and structure, the inability to distinguish sound borrowing from words of Chinese origin quite often confuses the translator and leads to semantic errors.

THE MAIN FINDINGS AND RESULTS
In the medical terminology of modern Chinese, there is a significant number of terms borrowed from other languages, mainly from English. First of all, by borrowing we mean the process of transferring different words from a foreign language to the NKL. Borrowing vocabulary is a consequence of the rapprochement of peoples on the basis of economic, political, scientific cultural ties. In most cases, borrowed words enter the language as a means to denote new things and to express previously unknown names of already known objects and phenomena. This happens if a borrowed word is used for a slightly different characteristic of an object, if it is a generally accepted international term, or if foreign words are forcibly introduced into the language (during military occupation or the imposition of a new religion).
[. http: The specificity of borrowing lies in the fact that the word is borrowed "not entirely as a complete, complete, grammatically formed word, but only, so to speak, as a more or less formless piece of lexical material, which receives a new design only in the system and by means of another language, the language that borrowed" . [Smirnitsky A.I. 1966, -p. 235] Borrowing is an active process: the borrowing language does not passively perceive someone else's word, but one way or another alters it and includes it in the network of its internal systemic relations.
Borrowing vocabulary can occur verbally (phonetic) and written (semantic). In the case of orally borrowed words, words are more quickly assimilated into the language. Words borrowed in writing retain their phonetic, spelling and grammatical features longer. The activity of the borrowing language appears most clearly in the processes of semantic borrowing (tracing). But even with phonetic borrowing, it manifests itself quite clearly. First, all the phonemes in the foreign word are replaced by their own phonemes, which are the closest to the auditory impression; according to the laws of the borrowing language, the syllable structure, type and place of stress, etc. change. Secondly, the borrowed word is included in the morphological system of semantic connections and oppositions that are present in the borrowing language, is included in one or another semantic field or, in the case of polysemy, in several fields.
There are four types of loanwords in Chinese:  Phonetic;  Semantic;  Semi-semantic, semi-phonetic;  Hybrid type, where elements of both languages are present. Here sound and meaning are conveyed in translation.
Phonetic borrowing is a change in the sound appearance of words in accordance with the laws of the receiving language, i.e. these are words that, when transferred into Chinese, retain both the meaning and the form of the word of the source language.
The phonetic method is used whenever the semantic method of transmitting a foreign word is insufficient and imprecisely conveys its meaning. However, the phonetic structure of the Chinese language creates great difficulties for sound reproduction of foreign words. This, in turn, sharply limits the penetration of  [Ivanov V.V. 1973, -p. 59.] Therefore, such phonetic borrowings, in which the syllables in the composition of sounds coincide with the syllables of the Chinese language, or in which the combination of sounds are similar to the combinations of sounds found in the syllables of the Chinese language, or which the Chinese language is able to adapt to its phonetic system. The second reason preventing the widespread penetration of phonetic borrowings is the Chinese writing system. In cases where it is necessary to write down a borrowed foreign word in the Chinese language, such hieroglyphs are usually selected that either give a meaningless combination, or in themselves do not cause any associations with any particular material meaning. As such, particles are used, service elements, now not used, old words that can successfully record foreign words corresponding in sound. Another problem is that the reading of hieroglyphs can be different in different areas, as well as depending on dialects.
And yet the greatest number of phonetic borrowings falls on special scientific and technical terminology. They play an important role in the formation of Chinese scientific terminology. That is why pharmacology and medicine, where a significant number of nonetymologized terms and names are used, give the largest percentage of such borrowings. For instance: