The Concepts Of "Goodness" And "Evil" In The Linguistic Image Of The World And Their National-Cultural Characteristics

This article discusses the linguistic image of the world and the views of various scholars and researchers on it, the concept term as one of the controversial problems of cognitive linguistics and linguocultural studies, the role of the concepts of "goodness" and "evil" in the linguistic image of the world. The national-cultural features of the concepts of "goodness" and "evil" are also illustrated by the use of English idioms and synonyms of goodness and evil.


INTRODUCTION
Each generation inherits its own characteristics in its own language and culture, and future generations will continue to make changes to these characteristics and refine them. OCLC -1121105668 activities, not just one. Nowadays, each concept has its place in the national culture and linguistic image of the people. In the English linguistic description, too, the concepts of "goodness" and "evil" have been around for a long time, and these concepts are reflected in the religion, daily life and culture of the English people. Concepts and ideas that express goodness and evil also play an important role in English proverbs, aphorisms and idioms.
The linguistic image of the world as a global image of the world is formed in the human mind at the heart of all its relations with the external world, and it is expressed by specific linguistic symbols -morphemes, words, phrases or sentences. The central element of the linguistic image of the world is the word and the concept it represents. It has a "shell" consisting of a complex of meaningful sounds. It distinguishes an object from others and describes some of its properties. "The reflection of the universe in the human mind is its image. Accordingly, the concepts of religious, mythological, scientific, and linguistic image of the world emerged. The linguistic view of the universe is the linguistic representation of the system of the universe" 1 .
It also indicates that the item belongs to a certain category in terms of its common features with other objects (nomination process). Represents a clear image of an object and has a lexical meaning based on it. Parts of the linguistic image of the universe are interdependent (morphemes are the "bricks" of the word, and the word is the "building blocks" of syntax).
Language is a key part of the concept of culture and it helps a person to communicate in society. The study of the history of language began 2,000 years ago with the study of Greek and Indian cultures, and by the twentieth century, the development of linguistics had 1  made the study of language independent of the culture of society a major task. However, the impact of language on society and culture began to form a center of research in the 1960s.
Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the organic connection between language, society and culture should be considered here. Social culture, which plays an important role in human life, is associated with stages of development. Although it has been proven that there is a connection between different animals and insects, the humanhuman relationship is recognized as the most complex type of relationship. For the first time, Wilhelm von Humboldt was one of the first to see that language is not related to logical thinking, to the perception of being in this way, and put forward a number of arguments in favor of a new view. According to Humboldt, language helps a person to know the world, but knowledge is also inextricably linked with language. According to Humboldt, language is an integral part of human culture. Language is closely connected with the stages of spiritual development of mankind, accompanies man in the stages of development and crisis, and reflects each stage of culture 2 .
There are thousands of national languages in the world, and so many languages. The linguistic image of the world represents a complex process of ethnic thinking, embodying a system of cultural and social relations. According to scholars, the linguistic picture of the world in each language is unique. According to these views, modern scholars propose to compare the linguistic image of the world in different languages, to understand the linguistic image of the world, to study the worldview of another nation using other factors.
In order to study the linguistic image of the world of another nations, it is necessary to go into the linguistic image of that world and collect objective information about the object being studied in that language. The linguistic representation of the universe is a linguistic set of these matrices that represent the methods of national perception of being and the resulting national character. Without knowing this system of matrices, it is difficult to study the ethical, moral and important elements, associative thinking, systems that make up national culture.
Goodness is the most important quality and represents the original and eternal essence of human activity. It not only gives a person a strong spiritual pleasure, but also leads him to true happiness, which turns him into a person. Goodness is manifested in a person's moral and practical activities, and includes such qualities as humility, generosity, courage, honesty, integrity, justice, and truthfulness 3 .
When we talk about the concepts of "goodness" and "evil", we must first talk about the concept, its essence. "Concept" is derived from the Latin word "conceptus", which means "concept". A concept is a whole set of notions. Any set of ideas expressed or expressed about an object constitutes a concept. More specifically, while the notion is a 3 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/goodness small part of an iceberg floating on water, the concept is a huge, holistic view of an iceberg not only visible on the water but also hidden underwater.
Ever since the creation of the universe, there has been a struggle between good and evil in human society. Where there is good, there is, of course, the opposite of evil. When the concept of "goodness" is mentioned, a number of concepts that are close to it and give it meaning, that is, synonyms of this concept, can also be a direct symbol of goodness.
There are many synonyms for the concept of "goodness" in the culture of the English people, for example, virtue, righteousness, kindness, morality, generosity, probity, integrity, honesty, uprightness, charity, magnanimity, rectitude . Each of these words expresses the concept of "goodness" in some way. Here are some examples of the above words: Virtue is used in the sense of kindness, virtue, attribute, as well as to express the unique behavior and quality of people. He led a life of virtue. She was certainly no pragon of virtue. As a politician, he always condemned the virtues of compromise and conciliation. Kindness-being kind and sincere to people is also a sign of goodness. I can never repay your many kindness to me. Kindness is the quality of being kind 5 .
Righteousness-justice. We know that where there is ignorance and injustice, there is no place for good deeds. Of course, justice and fairness are invaluable in combating such evils.
Honesty-the quality of being honest. She answered all my questions with her usual honesty. His honesty is not in question.
The conceptual view of the world formed in human thought is a very complex structure. It is very variable and changeable. It has a lot in common for people to understand each other, 4 Compiled by the author. 5 Oxford Advanced Learner's dictionary. 2020 so thinking is broader and more mobile than language. As a result, the thought process tends to establish new connections between different imaginations and concepts, and there is a constant "dissatisfaction." A word (language unit) is more stable and conservative than thinking, so it cannot adequately reflect all the processes of change and development in existence.
"Determining good and evil is not a simple task, and misinterpreting it or punishing the good or rewarding the bad also means exacerbating the evil. Because humanity has only evolved as a society, the judgment of goodness or evil lies in acknowledging what is good and what is bad for society. Therefore,  Badness-the fact of being morally bad, the quality of being bad. There was not a hint of badness in him.
Corrupt-willing to use their power to do dishonst or illegal things in return for money or to get an advantage and to have a bad effect on somebody or make them behave in an immoral or dishonest way. Malevolence-hostile attitude or feeling and behavior exhibiting a hostile attitude. He said it with malevolence. The commanders met with polite bows but with secret malevolence in their hearts. 8 Phrases and aphorisms also play an important role in expressing the concepts of "goodness" and "evil" in English national culture. The modern English linguistic description is inconceivable without idioms. An idiom is a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words 9 . For example: He's been pushing up the daisies for a year. (He's been dead for a year.) 7 Compiled by the author 8 The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford university press.1989 Idioms are classified as figurative language, which is the use of words in an unusual or imaginative manner. Figurative  The devil looks after his own-evil people are often prosperous or well taken care of.
(Implies that they must be getting their prosperity from the devil, since they are not earning it by being good and deserving.) Jane: I don't understand why the corner store is still in business. They cheat everybody! Alan: Well, the devil looks after his own 10 .
In conclusion, every language has a separate worldview, and the linguistic individual is obliged to compose the content of expressions in accordance with that image. It shows a person's unique perception of the world, which is reflected in the language. Language is an important factor in the formation and existence of human knowledge of the universe. It verbally records the results of knowing the world as it reflects the objective world in the process of human activity. The linguistic image of the world complements the objective knowledge of existence, and this set of knowledge, sealed in linguistic forms, creates a linguistic image of the universe. Based on the above, it can be said that the concept has a two-sided nature. On the one hand, culture enters the mental world of a person as a concept, on the other hand, a person enters culture through a concept and sometimes influences it. Man, while preserving his individual, unique culture, through the concept refers to the culture of nations, the mental world of different nationalities. Thus, the synonyms of the concepts of "goodness" and "evil," and the idioms, proverbs, and aphorisms associated with these concepts, play an important role in the expression of English national culture.