Similarities And Distinctive Features Of Uzbek, Russian And English Phrases

This article discusses the terms of similarities and differences between languages and their significance in the linguistic environment; the types of collocations are also investigated by analyzing their use in multi-system languages and the ways of their translation into English, Russian and Uzbek are examined. Research is carried out on the types of phrasemes in languages and equivalents are presented, as well as analogs when translated and used in contexts. As a result, certain formulas are identified for the formation of equivalent collocations in languages.

Isomorphism (conformity) is opposed by "allomorphism", which testifies to the heterogeneity of the structure of linguistic units that constitute this level.
In English phraseology, one of the first attempts to create a structural classification of English idiomatic expressions belongs to L. Smith, who collected an extensive collection of phraseological units that went beyond all existing collections of idioms at that time. In his classification, L. Smith, taking into account the peculiarities of the English language, singles out phraseological units of an adverbial nature, which are combinations of prepositions with nouns and adjectives, for example, for goodнавсегда; as well as combinations of verbs with postpositions, which he calls, phraseological verbs, for example, keep down -подавлять, держать в подчинении [1].
Collocations in English are a multifaceted and complex linguistic phenomenon. Any phenomenon, in addition to the definition, presupposes and requires the allocation and description of the ways of its presentation. Linguists believe that one of these methods is the classification of collocations, which makes it possible to obtain a more accurate and scientifically literate picture of this complex phenomenon through the systematization of varieties of linguistic signs [2]. The term "collocation" is insufficiently developed and studied in Russian and Uzbek linguistics, therefore, for the linguistic characteristics of this type of set expressions, it is advisable to consider various classifications of collocations according to several principles with the translation of all examples into Russian and Uzbek languages.
The linguistic interpretation of M. Benson's collocations is to understand them as idioms [3], which follows from the classification he proposed: 1. Non-composite -the meaning of collocation does not follow from the meaning of its parts. Or the meaning is completely different from the free combination (as in the case of idioms such as kick the bucket (сыграть в ящиколамдан ўтмоқ).
2. Non-replaceable -parts of collocation cannot be replaced with other words, even if in the context they have the same meaning. For example, white wine (белое вино -оқ вино) cannot be replaced with other words denoting shades of white (желтовато-белое вино -сарғимтир вино).
3. Immutable -collocations that cannot be freely changed with the help of additional lexical material or with the help of In Russia, the most popular was the structural and semantic classification of A.V. Kunin [4].  PU with modal value (at any price);  Communicative phraseological units, which include proverbs and sayings (that is a horse of another color, there is no smoke without fire).
Depending on the nature of the leading component, phraseological combinations are subdivided into substantive, verbal, adjective and adverbial.
The structure of substantive idioms includes fully or partially rethought phraseological units with the structure of a phrase and completely rethought phraseological units with a partially predicative structure. The main types of rethinking are metaphorical and metonymic rethinking: a dog in the manger, a big gun, a snake in the grass, a bitter pill to swallow, a break in the clouds, a blind hand, an eagle eye, a heart of gold.
Adjective phraseological units include such units "in which an adjective ... or, less often, a participle acts as a definition." The first component of adjective comparisons is usually used in its basic literal meaning, and the second performs an amplifying function: as brave as a lion, pretty as picture, as weak as water, ugly as sin, brown as berry, sober as a judge, as hard as a bone, free as air, certain as mud, fierce as a tiger.
Adverbial phraseological units are considered, functionally correlated with an adverb and function as circumstances and answering the questions "In which way?", "How?" and Where?". They represent the most variegated category in terms of composition and variety of components. These phraseological units are united by a common meaning of a secondary feature: they express the characteristic of an action or the degree of a qualitative characteristic of an object, respectively, combined with verbs and with adjectives.
Stylistic differentiation of phraseological units includes "evaluative-emotional-expressive features that are acquired by phraseological units due to their preferred and even exclusive use in those rather than other spheres and areas of human communication". Interstyle phraseological turns have no stylistic coloring (lowered or sublime) and can be actively used in all styles of oral and written speech. For the most part, these phraseological units are devoid of generalized metaphorical meaning, for example: in any case, from time to time, at any cost, minute by minute, at every step, entirely and completely, etc. Interstyle phraseological units are able to enter into synonymous relations with stylistically colored phraseological units: from time to time -" «иногда; и нет-нет да и"(colloquial); with might and main -"изо всей силы; со всей решимостью", thick and thieves спаянные крепкой дружбой, закадычные друзья", bright as a button -"чистенький, нарядный", to give soul -"умереть".
Book phraseological turns are stable combinations of words, mainly or exclusively used in written speech. They differ in the sphere of use (written speech) and "increased" expressive-stylistic coloring (bookish, solemn, pathetic, poetic, etc.). They are used in newspaper-journalistic, official-business styles of speech, as well as in fiction. For example, Sodom and Gomorrah -содом и гоморра, cast pearls before swine -метать бисер перед свиньями, the apple of one's eye -зеница ока, a wolf in sheep's clothing -волк в овечьей шкуре, forbidden fruit -запретный плод, the four corners of the earth -четыре стороны света.
Phraseological historicisms are phraseological phrases that have fallen out of active use in connection with the disappearance of the corresponding phenomenon of reality. For example: to sail under false colors -плавать под чужим флагом.
Phraseological archaisms are phraseological units that have fallen out of active use due to their displacement by other stable combinations or individual words that turned out to be more suitable for expressing the corresponding concepts. For example, on the knees of the Gods -одному богу известно, and back number -отсталый человек.
It is necessary to note the appearance of new words and phrases in the Oxford English Dictionary and Cambridge Dictionary: Awesomesauce -Something Very Good something that you are incredibly happy about.
Safe space -a place or environment in which a person belonging to any of the minorities feels comfortable and does not lend himself to criticism and discrimination.
Beardo -bearded; type of people who wear a beard: hipsters, intellectuals, etc.
To have its moment -to be popular and fashionable for a short period of time.
Social gifting -a good deed or charity work that you do instead of buying someone a gift.
Food desert -an area where there is no access to healthy food.
Ecological grief -a sense of deep sadness and responsibility due to climate change and environmental problems.
Techno-optimism -the belief that technology will change the world for the better.
Micro-scheduling -planning every minute of your day.
And also we should add expressions related to the coronavirus, Covid-19.
Covidiot -a person who neglects security measures during quarantine or buys all the necessary goods without thinking about others. Another expression on this topic -beer bug -a slang term for coronavirus, which comes from the name of Mexican beer.