Amir Temur’s Geopolitical Practice In The Eurasian Region And Its Modern Interpretations

This article analyzes Amir Temur’s geopolitical practice in the Eurasian region and its modern interpretations. Many historians today agree that Amir Temur's military wars in the Eurasian region were not accidental and that they were carried out on the basis of certain geopolitical necessities, and that his "aggressive" actions were distorted in violation of historical truth. Of course this is natural. There is a saying that the complex activities of a complex period, complex individuals, still hold many contradictions in its bosom. These contradictions reaffirm that interests are an unchanging reality over the centuries. On this issue, we also dared to submit our observations to the scientific community for discussion.


INTRODUCTION
Khorezm was the first step of Sahibkiran on the way to these great goals, without which it was impossible to defend Dashti Kipchak. It seeks to address these issues through a partnership agreement in the first place. However, if Amir Temur cares about the unity of the country, people like Hussein Sufi (who was also a member of the Chigatay elite) will not be able to get out of the whirlpool of narrow interests. However, Khorezm was divided into northern and southern regions by the Joji and Chigatay nations during this period. So far, the southern part was independent, but did not have a protective cover that could repel a threat from the north.

THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS
Such a neighboring territory was subjugated in 1373-1374 due to the greater risk of joining the Joji Nation (which has been confirmed in practice many times). The military support of the ceasefire by Sahibkiran was in fact aimed at weakening the White Horde ruler Urushan while strengthening the northern borders. However, when Noshud Tokhtamish, who ascended the throne of the Golden Horde(Oltin Orda), came to power (1380), he severed ties with Amir Temur. Thus, a more dangerous area for Turan is formed on the northern borders. These actions of the White Horde ruler Urushan and the ruler of Mongolia Amir Qamariddin required Amir Temur to be vigilant. As a result of the measures taken in this direction, the fifth march to Khorezm was decided in 1388.
Before the decisive battle with Sahibkiran Tokhtamish, he made two expeditions to Mongolia between 1389-1390 in order to secure his state from Mongolia and East Turkestan (Kashgar). The Mongol fled to Khizrkhoja, asked for Qamariddin's daughter, established kinship with her, and became a benevolent and partner state to her. Ibn Arabshah said: "First he flirted with the Mongols, kissed them on the nose and mouth, made a peace treaty, gave them presents and received a gift, and they married the daughter of their king, Qamariddin. Thus Timur became confident (free) from their persecution and oppression. The Mongols were its neighbors from the east, and there was no difference between them and Timur. This is because of the gender, divisiveness and neighborliness that happened on both sides. Their religion was the Genghis Khan Torah, which was valid in both countries. That is why Timur was safe from the evils of the Mongols and was sure of their devious and cruel ways. " explains. Therefore, in 1376, taking advantage of the absence of Amir Temur in Samarkand, Qamariddin and Anko Tora attacked Fergana, Sayram and Turkestan and looted the civilian population. It turned out that the clash with the early Mongols also showed that it was not a coincidence or an invasion, as opponents say.
In addition, in terms of regional policy, there is the Golden Horde (Blue and White Hordes), which is geographically divided around Turan, which has never and never had the opportunity to develop a state centered on them.
Preserving the independence of the new state required non-standard approaches in the field of foreign policy. We know that the instability in the Khorezm region, the conquest of Tabriz by Tokhtamishkhan, and the abstract situation in Balkh and Khorasan were the main reasons for Amir Temur's concern. Although, at the time, there were proposals for a truce with them.
On the eve of the establishment of the Turan state, Amir Temur was considered to be the center of extremely complex and sharp political processes in the neighboring regions. The emergence of the Turanian state and the triumphant march of a skilled commander, especially its future prospects, were of concern not only to the Mongols but also to the states of the Middle East. To be honest, it was difficult for them to accept the fact that Movarounnahr was simply a child of a prince who was interfering with the territorial and regional order that has become a tradition of inheritance formed over the centuries. From this point of view, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Mongolia, the Ottoman Turks, China, and the rulers of the Caucasus, who were partners and allies in these intentions, became allies under the leadership of the Golden Mediterranean princes. They hoped to easily restore their broken political dominance in Movarounnahr soon. As we can see, the state of Turan went beyond the territorial framework and remains under the pressure of the Eurasian region.
It is reported that Tokhtamishkhan, who aspired to regional leadership, exchanged representatives with the Mamluks and Ottoman Turks several times in order to constantly coordinate their actions against Amir Temur. In 1394, the ambassadors of the Egyptian sultan Tokhtamish and the Turkish sultan Boyazid met in Damascus and agreed to act together against Timur, and the heads of the Turkmen emirates bordering the Mamluk state also sent a message of obedience to Sultan Barquq. The 15th-century Egyptian historian Jamaluddin Abulmahasin Yusuf ibn Tangriberdi, in his 1963 book Cairo's Bright Stars on Egypt and the Cairo Empire, reported the formation of a secret alliance of conspirators to fight Amir Temur. Boyazid's ambassadors were also present.
The aim of the formed regional military bloc was to put in place the proud, barlas-derived "tirrancha" and to show who would be in power throughout Eurasia. It doesn't look like that. Amir Temur realizes this danger in time.
He negotiates with all his enemies separately, presents them with gifts, threatens them when the time comes, and manages to destroy them. So use all the available tools wisely. But, for that, he is doomed to stay on the horse for the rest of his life. In these struggles he loses his sons and grandsons, his best and most loyal comrades. It could not have been otherwise, since there was a constant risk of constant military marches or death and Turan falling into the hands of the enemy. The reasons for his marches, therefore, were not only to occupy the trade routes, but also to eliminate the constant dangers on Turonzamin. The Union of States, which did not recognize the Sahibkiran government, united every second and increased the probability of attacking Turan.
However, we know the processes by which this "alliance" was crushed separately and individually by the geopolitical skills of Sahibkiran. He was able to read the consequences of the decisions made by the minds of the enemies. He multiplied it by territorial distance, mobilization, organization, material resources, and the military skill and devotion of his commanders. Amir Temur is the wisest and wisest in capturing the situation. For, a much more difficult situation would have arisen for him if the Allies had understood the course of events and united in their favor. Now as for the desire of Amir Temur of 1404 to march on China, it must be revealed that there were certain political purposes there. The first reason was that Turan wanted to break the vassal ties that bound him to the Chinese emperor, which had diminished over the years, and the second was that he aimed to convert all Chinese to Islam by launching a campaign against the non-believers. The point is that from the Ming dynasty, in 1368-1398, the Chinese emperor, who replaced the Yuan emperor, a representative of the Zhu Yuan-Zhang Mongol dynasty, united Mongolia and China. Moreover, the Chinese ruler does not hide the fact that he demands tribute from the Turan state, and openly oppresses it. In diplomatic correspondence, the Chinese emperor called Amir Temur "my son" and insulted Sahibkiran. In diplomatic language, this notion meant dependence, which in turn offended Jahangir severely. It is said that he sent ambassadors of four hundred cavalry to the great king of China, Amir Temur, the purpose of their arrival was to receive the tribute previously paid to his father and not paid in recent years. Sahibkiran returned home from Samarkand with enthusiasm and announced that he would soon go in person. He then orders his officials to prepare to go to China.
T. Schiltberger and G. Clavijo also expressed their views on this issue in their works. The ambassadors wrote that these lands were gifted to you for management, you know you have to pay tribute every year, you have not paid your taxes for seven years. Where did the issue of paying tribute come from, and what are the grounds for such a claim against a great ruler like Sahibkiran?
Tilman Nagel said that in about 1389, for the first time in Nanjing, the capital of the Minas, Amir Temur's envoys visited China and paid tribute to the Chinese for the terms of the peace treaty. Moreover, another reason for marching to China in 1405 was the death of the zealous founder of the Ming dynasty, Hongwu, which created chaos for the kingdom and created a favorable environment for military march. According to Rakhmanaliev's analysis, after Genghis Khan's conquest of Asia, Movarounnahr came under the rule of one of his sons, Chagatai. Later, the empire was divided into separate kingdoms, and the great Qubulai, the grandson of Genghis Khan, ascended the Chinese throne, which was conquered by the Turkic-Mongols, and the Chaghatay Khanate was subordinated to him. Since then, the rulers of Samarkand have regularly honored the Mongol khan of China and his successors. In the 14th century, a popular uprising led by Min-Hong-Wu drove the Genghis Khans out of China. When he ascended the throne, the ruler of Mavoraunnahr asserted that in this case he had asked Timur, who had authority over these territories, to pay tribute to Beijing by paying It is also interesting to note that the historical interpretation of "Boyazid's defeat -the triumph of Europe" is one-sided. Amir Temur's services as a "European savior" will rise to the skies. In the details of the letter to Boyazid, Sahibkiran did not set such a goal. Consequently, it should be noted that Boyazid's state power, military discipline and high skill were considered to be one of the most mature examples of his time. He was, in a sense, the gatekeeper of the West and the East. After the fall of this gate, the modern stages of the "crusade" that is still going on are not over. However, in the struggle for geopolitical interests, Boyazid manages to defend the integrity of Eurasia by joining forces with the united forces of the whole of Europe. He crushed the Crusaders, founded by Europe in 1396.
According to historical records, Manuel II, a small Trapezund king who broke away from Byzantium, planned to establish diplomatic relations with Amir Temur to fight the rulers of all European countries against Boyazid. According to the plan, various recommendations will be made to destroy Boyazid, and one of them will undertake to allocate 20 ships in the event of a water attack (this promise will not be fulfilled). Hayrulla Ismatilla from Indiana University draws some conclusions in his article based on many relevant sources on the subject. Including; "Manuel II's great contribution to the European cause was that he and his associates, together with the Catholic clergy, in various ways quarreled and fought between the two great Turkish generals, Amir Temur and Boyazid, and were, first of all, invincible for Europe managed to break the strength of the Turkish army.
Second, by trying to form an alliance with Amir Temur himself, he persuaded other European kings to form an alliance and managed to dissuade the Shah of the Amir's troops from marching on the European side. Third, Manuel II took the final destiny of Boyazid's sons into his own hands and slowed the collapse of Byzantium. He argues that it has laid the groundwork for Europe to balance itself. In conclusion, first of all, it becomes clear that the alternative to the truce initiative of Timur's enemies was the formation of an "alliance" against him and the disputes over some territories that led to the Ankara war. Second, if we logically follow the situation in Europe and Byzantium at that time, it is clear that the kings and emperors of these regions were more likely to encourage Timur to fight against the Ottomans.
Of course, objectivity is achieved through the comparative study of historical methodological approaches and the recommendation of consumption without concealing or distorting existing ones. Even then, we leave the judgment to the Creator. Undoubtedly, regional relations have always been one of the practical ways of foreign and domestic policy. There is no denying that this has been the case since the time of our ancestors. However, is it correct to conclude that the struggle between The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations (ISSN -2689-100x) He has always been able to measure the benefits and harms of his own interests and opportunities to achieve them. Of course, a series of historical processes can also cause large, sometimes extremely small factors to change their major streams and divert from the main mission. For example, Black Yusuf himself was a small bandit in the regional context, but his "Games" were needed by the big powers. At points of interest, of course, the destructive function of such "nails" is natural. In fact, Boyazid does not realize that the content of Sahibkiran's letter contains the interests of the above-mentioned geopolitical cultures. This short-sightedness is costly for all Turkish peoples. Sadly, civil wars and conflicts undermine the long-standing trade, economic, and cultural ties of the Eurasian states with the countries of the Far East, Central and Central Asia, and the Mediterranean and Europe. After the death of Sahibkiran, although there were some individual settlements, the regional cultural infrastructure did not re-emerge. The geography of gravity as Central Asia's "Earth's axis" is changing.
In general, you will encounter an interesting paradox in the history of the Turkic states. Byzantium and China have always had a great influence on the disintegration of any khanate that emerged between Eurasia. Whether they are Qarakhanids, Seljuks or Ghaznavids, this historical geostrategic situation will be repeated in the time of Amir Temur. The Byzantine conspiracy, the Chinese intrigue, had a serious impact on the fragmentation of the cultural strata of the brave, courageous, lazy, but, at times, top-down Turkic peoples. For example, during the reign of the Seljuk Sultan Malikshah, Byzantium was known to use diplomatic means to provoke China against the Seljuks and to wage a war between them. China, in turn, surpasses their courage with elements of "popular culture." Unlike the Turkic peoples, Genghis Khan began his victorious march by putting China in a "cage." However, the bitter truth of life is that for the sins committed, no party is deprived of the inevitable punishment of the Creator. L. Keren regrets the consequences of these political tricks. His views on the tragic fate of the immoral relations planted in his time are among the important and objective conclusions. The Genoese, Venetians, and Byzantines, who had undertaken to pursue the Ottomans who had fled to the sea from the persecution of Sahibkiran, helped a large part of the Turkish army and most of the Boyazid nobles to cross the European shores in exchange for large sums of money. Among them was Boyazid's eldest son, Suleiman, who achieved this by signing an alliance with Byzantium. By doing so, they are digging a well for themselves, he says, revealing the cause of the blame stones falling on Europe. Amir Temur loses the unprecedented opportunity given to them by fate and saves his fierce enemies who will destroy them half a century later.
As a result of the political short-sightedness and selfishness of the Europeans, the Ottoman Turks soon regained their power after Amir Temur. The losers of the Battle of Ankara would soon capture Constantinople and take These sources confirm that Amir Temur's policy of military campaigns in Eurasia was not aimed at aggression or domination. It has also been acknowledged in many sources that he did not seek to establish his authority in the occupied territories. While the wars fought during these years were mainly aimed at ensuring the security of the territories of Movarounnahr, some were directed against the non-Muslims who were persecuting the Muslims. It is interesting to note that the war will not be without casualties, of course, the war will require large sums of money. War is a phenomenon of great loss, of devastating bloodshed. All this represents the nature of war. However, when asked what Jahangir's goal was from regional military campaigns, Russian and Soviet authors usually put the issue extremely acutely, saying that wars of aggression were waged only to gain wealth. When it comes to ideological interests, it is. This is due to the fact that Amir Temur influenced the development of Russian statehood. In Russian sources (mid-15th century), the story of Timur the Lame, the author of which is unknown, appears. In this story, his origin is described as a lowly, robber, invader, atheist, and evil king. The success of Amir Temur's geopolitics did not consist only of geographical factors or the dominance of military means. In geopolitics, the primary and fundamental factor is to subjugate the situation to one's own destiny, to turn one's destiny into an opportunity for success. In this regard, luck has always flowed to Sahibkiran. He was able to see the political turmoil and chaos in the region extremely clearly. Therefore, each military march was organized not on the basis of a specific situation, but on the basis of consistent and step-by-step plans set by him. However, his military campaigns are built on specific goals and are aimed at strengthening their military power, experience and resources. In this regard, Amir Temur, taking into account the balance of power with restraint and composure, carried out military attacks while expanding his capabilities. Understanding the flow of the geopolitical situation, being able to use its natural processes in its own interests, never allowing passions, the measure of common sense served as the basis of his victorious marches. In this regard, he will first unite Central Asia and East Turkestan, and then march to the Golden Horde, Iran, Iraq, India, Turkey. It will take almost 10 years for the struggle to break the stalemate. He is in no hurry to go to China, but he has been preparing for it for almost 10 years.

CONCLUSION
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations (ISSN -2689-100x) What is the basis of Amir Temur's geopolitical goals? First of all, it should be noted that although he was a master of horrific military demonstrations, his actions were not based on force. However, victory is not a physical concept, on the contrary, it means spiritual, taking the initiative, breaking and subduing the will of the enemy. Sahibkiran first of all sought to turn these regions into stable regions not by force, but by intellect and skill, while eliminating the weak, fragmented rulers of the Eurasian region, and he achieved this. Therefore, it is no coincidence that Amir Temur entered the international political arena. He became the savior of humanity, which was plunged into world wars. According to O. Zotov, Sahibkiran was a ruler who was able to turn the Eurasian continent from war and plunder into a peaceful and stable region. He turned the center of Eurasia -the "black space" (instead of the territories where the empire of Genghis Khan's successors were divided) from a zone of chaos and "war against all" into a zone of peace, stability and development. He did this in a historically very short period of time. Although Timur's entire life (1336-1405) coincided with half of the hundred-year Anglo-French war, it took 20 years of his life to unite all the opposing forces in his empire to build and consolidate a great empire. It stopped the crusade in North, South and West Asia, and the expansion of Western Europe into Asia in general. " Indeed, Sahibkiran's geopolitical activity is distinguished by its relevance to the goals. He succeeded in establishing a stable and powerful state in Turan without striving for world domination. This state did not have as clearly defined and protected borders as the Chinese and Roman empires. In occupied territories like Genghis Khan, he does not seek to establish his authority, to subdue the nation completely, and to maintain his dominance. As a result, Central Asia will become the core of the multi-layered cultural poles of Eurasia, the axis of regional gravity. In the Eurasian region, trade, peace and prosperity was established, genocidal wars and piracy was stopped, and cooperation between states was established.