The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology

Territorial Application of Criminal Law: Theoretical Foundations and Comparative Analysis

2025-05-07T08:34:03+00:00

This article explores the territorial scope of criminal law, focusing on its theoretical foundations and legal frameworks in different jurisdictions. It examines how the principle of territoriality is applied in criminal justice systems, comparing legislative approaches from various countries. The study highlights the significance of sovereignty, jurisdiction, and international cooperation in enforcing criminal law across borders. The analysis aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of how territorial limits affect the implementation of criminal responsibility and the pursuit of justice in a globalized legal environment.

Beyond the battlefield: the role of human intelligence (HUMINT) in addressing the socio-economic drivers of Boko haram in northeastern Nigeria

2025-05-16T10:37:00+00:00

The Boko Haram insurgency in Northeastern Nigeria has led to regional destabilization, intensifying poverty, unemployment, and governance challenges. Despite extensive military interventions, socio-economic drivers persist, sustaining the insurgency and underscoring the necessity for alternative strategies. This study analyses the transformative potential of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) in addressing systemic issues, highlighting its role in mitigating grievances and promoting stability. The study employs Social Conflict Theory to examine the role of socio-economic inequalities in driving insurgencies and the potential of HUMINT to address these disparities. A qualitative research design was implemented using secondary data sources, including peer-reviewed articles, government reports, and case studies. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify patterns between HUMINT and socio-economic interventions. The findings indicate that poverty, insufficient education, and unemployment heighten susceptibility to Boko Haram's recruitment and ideological influence. Human intelligence provides an essential understanding of insurgent networks and their grievances; however, it encounters challenges such as insufficient funding and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Instances such as the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) illustrate the efficacy of community-based intelligence in countering insurgent operations. The research indicates that tackling the socio-economic factors driving Boko Haram necessitates the integration of human intelligence with specific reforms and community involvement. Recommendations involve improving HUMINT frameworks via localized training and international collaboration, investing in poverty alleviation and education, and building trust through grassroots initiatives. A comprehensive intelligence-driven strategy is suggested to tackle the underlying causes and expressions of insurgency, fostering enduring peace and development in the region.

Some issues of improvement of legislative regulation of scientific and expert support of the parliamentary activity of Uzbekistan

2025-05-16T06:44:50+00:00

The article undertakes a thorough analysis of the challenges associated with the legislative framework for scientific and expert support within the parliamentary activities of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is important to acknowledge that, despite the measures that have been implemented, the interaction between parliament and the scientific community requires further development. The necessity of strengthening scientific and expert support of parliamentary activity in the context of modern reforms is emphasized. The article puts forth a series of recommendations to enhance the legislation, including the formation of scientific and expert councils within the chambers of the Oliy Majlis and the elucidation of the process for obtaining feedback from scientific institutions on draft legislation. The implementation of these proposals is expected to enhance the quality of the lawmaking process and the effectiveness of parliamentary control, thereby fortifying the role of the Parliament of Uzbekistan in democratic transformations.

The degree of compensation for court expenditures through state duties: the case of Uzbekistan (analysis based on 2020–2024 data)

2025-05-12T13:18:44+00:00

This article examines the compensation for court expenditures through state duties in Uzbekistan, utilizing data spanning from 2020 to 2024. It analyzes the effectiveness and adequacy of the current system, highlighting challenges and disparities faced by litigants in accessing justice. The study presents a comprehensive overview of policies and legislative frameworks governing state duties, correlating them with actual court expenditures. By employing qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the research identifies key trends, enforcement issues, and implications for legal reforms. The findings aim to contribute to the discourse on judicial finance and propose actionable recommendations for enhancing the compensation mechanisms within Uzbekistan's judicial system.

Definition of The Concept of Corruption in International Documents and Its Meaning as A Social Phenomenon

2025-05-08T10:07:18+00:00

The article highlights the issues of defining the concept of corruption in international documents and analyzing it as a social phenomenon. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of the essence, forms, and negative consequences of corruption based on sources such as UN resolutions, Council of Europe documents, and the UN Convention against Corruption. The complexity of studying corruption from legal and criminological perspectives, as well as its intrinsic connection with disruptions in society and public administration, is also revealed.

Human rights violations in counterinsurgency operations: a gender perspective

2025-05-16T11:09:51+00:00

Counterinsurgency (COIN) operations are designed to restore stability and neutralize insurgencies but often result in significant human rights violations. These include extrajudicial killings, torture, sexual violence, and forced displacement, disproportionately affecting marginalized populations, especially women and girls. This study examines the gendered dimensions of these violations and seeks to uncover systemic inequalities that exacerbate their impact. The research aims to analyze human rights abuses in COIN through a gendered lens, emphasizing the necessity for gender-sensitive strategies to mitigate harm. The study adopts feminist security theories, emphasizing the intersectionality of gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic status in conflict contexts. A qualitative research design integrates thematic literature reviews, case studies, and international reports, with data analyzed to highlight recurring patterns of gender-specific violations. Case studies from Colombia, Afghanistan, and Nigeria illustrate the disproportionate impact of COIN on women and marginalized groups, showcasing systemic issues such as sexual violence, displacement, and the lack of accountability. Findings reveal that COIN operations often intensify existing inequalities, with women facing sexual violence and men experiencing torture and forced recruitment. The neglect of gender-specific needs perpetuates cycles of violence and hinders recovery. Structural weaknesses in accountability and limited implementation of international human rights standards exacerbate these issues. This study underscores the importance of integrating gender-sensitive policies and robust accountability mechanisms into COIN frameworks. Recommendations include enhancing legal protections, supporting local organizations, and prioritizing inclusive peacebuilding efforts to ensure equity and justice for affected populations.

Collaboration and Conflict: The Complex Relationship Between Activist Groups and Political Parties in Portugal’s Climate Movement

2025-05-01T09:59:40+00:00

This study explores the complex relationship between activist groups and political parties in shaping the climate movement in Portugal. Through a combination of qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews with key stakeholders from environmental organizations, political parties, and governmental institutions, this research examines the dynamics of resistance and collaboration that characterize the climate activism landscape in the country. While political parties have provided institutional frameworks for environmental policies, activist groups have consistently challenged governmental inertia and pushed for more radical climate action. The findings reveal that the relationship between these two groups is often characterized by tension and compromise, but also synergy in certain instances, particularly in the context of youth-led movements like Fridays for Future. The paper discusses how these dynamics impact the effectiveness of the Portuguese climate movement in influencing national policy and contributing to international climate advocacy.

Impact of border security measures on cross-border criminal activities in Nigeria northwestern states

2025-05-16T10:13:59+00:00

This study examines the effectiveness of border security measures in combating cross-border criminal activities across Nigeria's northwestern states, where porous borders have fostered transnational crimes and regional instability. The research aims to evaluate existing border security measures and identify actionable strategies for enhancing border protection. Underpinned by Routine Activity Theory, which posits that crimes occur at the convergence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of capable guardians, the study employed a quantitative approach using semi-structured questionnaires administered to 200 security personnel across five northwestern states. Regression analysis reveals that inter-agency coordination has the strongest impact on reducing cross-border crimes (β = -0.40, p = 0.001), followed by personnel deployment (β = -0.35, p = 0.004). At the same time, surveillance technology shows limited effectiveness (β = -0.25, p = 0.075). While current measures have reduced arms smuggling from 80% to 50%, human trafficking and terrorism remain persistent challenges, highlighting the limitations of existing strategies. The study concludes that a multi-dimensional approach integrating technological, institutional, and socio-economic interventions is crucial. These findings have significant implications for policy reform, emphasizing the need for enhanced surveillance technology, strengthened regional cooperation, and community engagement to build a more resilient border security framework.

Theoretical and legal historical analysis of prosecutorial supervision over the implementation of laws in the field of combating illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances

2025-05-14T08:09:10+00:00

Based on a historical approach, the article contains prosecutorial supervision of the implementation of laws in the field of combating illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which was conditionally divided into four stages of the formation and development of counteraction to drug trafficking. Through a comprehensive study of the retrospective theoretical and legal analysis of the prosecutor's supervision over the implementation of laws in the fight against drug trafficking carried out by the prosecutor's office. The author cites the opinions of scientists regarding their scientific research on the theoretical and scientific analysis of prosecutorial supervision of the implementation of laws, depending on emerging situations in the practical activities of the prosecutor's office.

Illegal manufacturing, processing, acquisition, storage, transportation, or dispatch of potent or toxic substances with the intent of distribution and some issues related to the objective elements of this crime

2025-05-08T10:20:46+00:00

The article examines theoretical views and practical issues related to the objective aspects of the crime involving illegal manufacturing, processing, acquisition, storage, transportation, or dispatch of potent or toxic substances for illegal distribution purposes, as well as their illegal distribution. The author presents insights on the elements of the objective side of this crime, discusses the problems encountered in the legal qualification of such crimes, and proposes certain amendments aimed at improving the legislation concerning this criminal offense.

Political and ethno-religious tensions in Nigeria: historical dynamics and contemporary implications for national security

2025-05-16T12:20:29+00:00

Political and ethno-religious tensions in Nigeria pose significant challenges to national security and stability, rooted in colonial-era policies that institutionalized ethnic and religious divisions. These historical grievances compounded by contemporary socio-political dynamics, manifest in electoral violence, insurgencies like Boko Haram, farmer-herder clashes, and secessionist movements such as IPOB. The study investigates these tensions by exploring their historical roots, contemporary manifestations, and impact on national security, employing Marxist, and Functionalist theories to provide a robust theoretical framework. Using a qualitative research design, data were gathered from archival records, governmental and non-governmental reports, and case studies, including the Kano Riots of 1953, the Maitatsine Riots of 1980, and the Boko Haram insurgency and the likes. Findings reveal that these tensions are exacerbated by governance failures, socio-economic inequalities, and the manipulation of identity politics, with severe implications for national security, such as displacement, economic disruption, and weakened state legitimacy. While interventions like the Niger Delta Amnesty Program and anti-open grazing laws have yielded partial success, their limited scope underscores the need for comprehensive reforms. The study concludes that addressing these tensions requires historical reconciliation, inclusive governance, equitable resource distribution, and sustainable conflict-resolution mechanisms. Thus the study recommends establishing a national reconciliation commission, decentralizing governance, promoting interfaith dialogue, and enhancing security frameworks through community policing and stakeholder engagement. These measures aim to address the root causes of tensions and foster long-term stability and peace. By integrating historical, political, and socio-economic dimensions, the study provides a roadmap for mitigating political and ethno-religious tensions in Nigeria.