Scientific And Theoretical Foundations Of The Concepts Of Tourism, Geography And Geographical Tourism

In the article, the idea of forming a new direction in the tourism industry – geographic tourism is put forward on the basis of international experience, national practice and long-term research. It substantiates in detail the scientific and theoretical foundations of the concepts of tourism, tourist, geography and geographical tourism.


INTRODUCTION
It is a fact that tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world which can be seen even in the contribution of the tourism industry to the world economy in 2019 (Table 1)  OCLC -1091588944 factors include natural and recreational resources that are less volatile over time, relatively moderate. In the dynamic sense, political, social and economic factors have a rapidly changing, which depends more on the level of stability of the state and society. Researchers of the sphere believe that the most important factor influencing the development of tourism is the geographical indication of tourist facilities (Нигматов, 2007). These include, firstly, factors such as the natural and geographical potential and location of the region, which determines the attractiveness and scale of natural and recreational resources, the economic and geographical location of the region, the transport and geographical situation that determines the tourist routes, the geopolitical situation affecting the safety of tourists (Елена, 2002, Александрова, 2002).
Secondly, for the sustainable development of tourism, it is important not only use of any type of tourism (historical, religious, eco or agritourism), but the complex or combined use of different tourist aspects of a particular geographical area during their visit. Therefore, as in many countries, Article 9 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Special Economic Zones", adopted on February 17, 2020, allows the establishment of tourist and recreational zones, which are geographically complex in certain areas.
The two most important geographical factors mentioned above, which contribute to the sustainable development of tourism, continue to lead to the organization of a new type of tourism -geographical tourism. Well, a pertinent question arises as to what type of tourism geographic tourism is and how it differs from other related types of tourism. First of all, it is necessary to answer the question of what geography is.
Geography -is a branch of science that studies the territorial, complex, periodic and systematic features of the relationship between nature and society in certain geocomplex or geosystems, a field of education that provides knowledge, skills and competencies, a network of practices that stabilize (optimize) these relations (Нигматов, Табиий география ва геоэкология назарияси, 2018). Thus, according to this definition, the object of the science of "Geography" - geocomplex or geosystems within the geographical layer. For example, a landscape is a natural geographical complex, for instance a geographical complex, which represents 7 types of animate and inanimate elements of nature in a specific area. However, it is a taxonomic unit of natural geographic systems. A free economic zone is an economic-social geographical complex, but it is also a taxonomic unit of the economic-social geographical system. A free touristic zone is a general geographical complex, because its boundaries are not only based on natural or economic indicators, but also an area that comprehensively reflects the nature, population and economy of the place. It is expedient to consider the object of general geographic research as a taxonomic unit. In allocating touristic zones, the object of tourism is taken into account not only elements of nature (such as eco or spelio tourism), but also the population (such as religious or historical tourism) and the economy (shopping or nature tourism).
What is the scientific meaning of the concepts of tourism and tourist? According to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Tourism", adoptedon July 18, 2019, tourism -is the departure (travel) of an individual from his place of permanent residence without engaging in activities related to reciving income from sources in the country (place) of temporary stay. Tourist -an individual who travels to the country (place) of temporary stay for a period of twenty-four hours to twelve consecutive months or spends at least one night in the country (place) of temporary stay without engaging in activities related to reciving income from sources in the country (place) of temporary stay . These concepts reflected in the law are considered in accordance with international requirements and scientific and theoretical perspectives. Because: Firstly, tourism is an industry. The industry involves not only the individual, but also dozens of structures, such as private management, legal entity, international organization, national companies or indirectly the national management system, supply and security services.
Secondly, the phrase "in the country (place) of temporary stay" cannot be fully added to the Law, as the structures listed above, directly or indirectly involved in the tourism industry, do not have to be "displaced".
Thirdly, "departure" does not mean "travel", tourism does not depart at all, and when a tourist leaves, he becomes a "immigrant", that is, of course, returns to his place of residence for a certain period of time.
Fourthly, in international law, a person must be a tourist for at least 24 hours and 3 months (according to the 1989 Budapest Convention) to 1 year (according to the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan). But in very rare cases, tourists will not be in another place (territory) or country for no more than 3 months, without reciving income, but only spending it. Otherwise, they can become pilgrims, business travelers, excursionists, and immigrants. According to the final act of the UN Rome Diplomatic Conference on Tourism and Travel, adopted in 1963, a tourist is a traveler, an excursionist-pilgrim.
Fifthly, the word "country" is not synonymous with the word "state", because the country is an administrative-geographical, place - . From the point of view of tourism, the scientific basis of these concepts suggest to use of the word "state" instead of the word "country" (according to the status of international and foreign tourism), instead of the word "country" (according to the status of national and domestic tourism). A reasonable question arises as to why the country is a state instead. This is because the permit (visa) issued to tourists and their travel abroad is in most cases carried out not by the country but in accordance with the relevant national legislation of a particular state.
In general, in our opinion, tourism is an industry that deals with the determination, organization, conduct and accounting of tourism policy. The scientific and theoretical basis of the concept of "tourism" is as follows: 3. Organization and conduct. Any organizational work related to the tourism industry and guarantee to ensure their implementation is carried out not only through governmental agencies, but also through the subjects of the tourism industry. In this case, government agencies provide "regulation", and tourism companies or firms provide "its conduct or excecution". Tourist -is an unpaid trip of a person or their association from the place of permanent residence to the place of temporary destination for a period of 24 hours to 6 months for a specific purpose. The scientific basis of the concept of "tourist" is as follows: 1. A person or their association. In this case, the term "person", which has a social category, and not a "phsical entity" that has a legal character in civil law, and their unifying purpose for tourism -"their association" -is consistent with the purpose for which they are used. Indeed, in  2002, Александрова, 2002). The great classifier of tourism scientist N.M. Zabelina considers it appropriate to divide the temporary destination of travelers into 3 major parts: 1) travel around the city or settlement -50-100 km; 2) local travel -100-300 km; 3) long-distance travel -at least 300 km (Забелина, 1987). However, the classification based on this distance does not allow to distinguish between foreign and domestic tourism. The Republic of Kazakhstan is located 12 km from Tashkent, and going to Turbot for recreation or medical tourism is, of course, different from going to the Charvak touristrecreation zone.
4. For a period of 24 hours to 6 months. The introduction of the phrase "temporary destination from 24 hours to 6 months" to clarify the phrase for a certain period of time brings the status of "tourist" in line with international standards.
5. For a specific purpose. It is important to describe the fact that the types of tourism are rapidly networking and proliferating, taking into account the purposes of tourism. In this concept of "tourist" can be expressed by a brief and clear introduction of its species. For example, it would be possible to define Agrotourism and Religious Tourism by inserting the words "agrotourism" or "religious tourism" instead of "for a specific purpose". If a person or their association chooses two or more types of tourism, we consider it appropriate to include the phrase "complex tourism" or "geographical tourism" instead of "for specific purposes".
6. Unpaid travel. It is necessary to understand the requirements for tourists not to pay for a visit in this direction. Because a business trip, participation in various competitions, business trips, government or corporate special assignments are temporary and chargeable visits.
Summarizing the concepts of geography and tourism, geographic tourism -can be considered as a type of tourism industry, which deals with the determination, organization, conduct and accounting of tourism in certain geocomplex or geosystems in terms of territoriality, complexity, periodicity and systematization.
We have already seen above that the concept of "geocomplex" and "geosystem" in the concept of geographical tourism is the object of geographical science and its aspects related to tourism. However, it is necessary to pay special attention to the territorial, periodicity, complexity and systematization of tourism,  (Table 2). Territorial and periodic aspects of geographical tourism include its area, spatial distribution and periodic changes. For example, between 1990 and 2020, it can be seen that the periodic dynamics of international tourist visits in the world's tourist regions continued to grow. The highest figure in the 30 years belongs to Europe with +417.7 million tourists, but its growth rate is 2.6 times. In the countries of Asia and the Pacific, which have the ability to receive tourists throughout the year, the number of tourists is +300 million but its growth rate is 6.1 times, which is 3 times higher than in Europe. The number of tourists visiting the Middle East and Africa, which have low economic potential and security, but no less than any other region in terms of the number of attractive touristic facilities, is only +87 million, not more than of course, except for 2020. Because of COVID-19 pandemic, this figure has temporarily dropped significantly (Table 3)  OCLC -1091588944 Table 4 The development tendencies of geographical tourism In terms of the complexity and structure of geographical tourism, how many types of tourism industry do tourists use at the same time and how important is one of them (Table  5) 3 . For example, in the Eastern touristic region, 7 out of 10 tourist tours shown in the table can be used in a complex. However, from a structural point of view, agrotourism is of primary importance, followed by hierarchical level at the level of historical, religious and recreational tourism. Table 5 The complexity and systematic aspects of geographical touristic facilities of the Republic of Uzbekistan Cultural (socio-geographical tourism) Natural (natural-geographical tourism) Mixed (general geographical tourism)

Regions and the Republic of Karakalpakstan
The qualitative assessment of the types of tourism and the level of access to them