Apple (Malus domestica) is a widely consumed fruit, known for its nutritional and health benefits. This study investigates the biochemical profile and antioxidant activity of fresh fruits from different apple genotypes, focusing on key components such as sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. A total of five apple genotypes (G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5) were selected, and the fruit samples were analyzed for their biochemical composition using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric methods. The results showed significant variability in sugar content, with fructose and glucose being the predominant sugars. Organic acids, such as malic acid, were found in varying concentrations across genotypes. Phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, demonstrated antioxidant activity, which was highest in Genotype G3. The study highlights the genetic variation in apple fruits that affects their nutritional composition and antioxidant potential, providing valuable information for breeding programs aimed at enhancing fruit quality.

This study examines the potential application of used vegetable oil for the production of lubricating emulsions. It has been determined that for the bleaching of used vegetable oil with an acid value (AV) of 4.0 mg KOH/g, a 4% clay-based adsorbent is sufficient. The maximum emulsion stability, achieved after 8 minutes of ultrasonic treatment, corresponds to a formulation containing 20% vegetable oil, 3% emulsifier, and 0.2% NaHCO3. Further increasing the amount of vegetable oil improves the emulsion quality; however, it also raises production costs.

This article presents the development of a native Swift library that parses .proto files—commonly used in Protocol Buffers (Protobuf)—without relying on the external protoc tool. It addresses a critical gap in Swift’s ecosystem by enabling direct, run-time access to Protobuf schemas. Drawing on the theoretical foundations of lexical analysis, the paper outlines how the library’s lexer and parser transform raw .proto input into descriptor structures amenable to dynamic serialization and integration with SwiftProtoReflect. The proposed approach substantially reduces dependency on external code generation and simplifies tasks such as documentation generation, code formatting, linting, and IDE-based tooling. Experimental evidence and test results show that the library can reliably handle core Protobuf features, including nested messages, enums, services, and custom options, thereby laying the groundwork for a fully Swift-based workflow in gRPC and Protocol Buffers development.