New Classification Of Ontogenesis About

The article analyzes the history and essence of ontogeny, its composition and newly classified, offers and conclusions. The concepts of ontogenesis, developmental cycle are used in almost all academic and some scientific literature by the authors in the same or similar meanings without knowing the meaning [1,2,3,4,13,14].


INTRODUCTION
Ontogeny and development cycle history. The ontogenesis and developmental cycle of animals were first studied by the ancient Chinese. In particular, with the development of silkworm breeding, the Chinese were well aware that the development of the mulberry silkworm consisted of stages. Aristotle also said that after a worm-shaped larva reaches a certain size, it temporarily transforms back into an egg shape (i.e., a sponge) before reaching the end of its development. Europeans rediscovered metamorphosis in the 17th century.
Swammerdam (1737) took metamorphosis as a sign of death and resurrection, and used it to prove the theory of preformism that the buds of all the organs of the imagination in the dome are small. Although malaria plasmodia and the disease it causes were known to the Egyptians 3,000 years before Christ, its developmental cycle was determined in the 1950s [4,5,7,8].  Ivanova-Kazas (1995), "The metazoan developmental cycle normally begins with the zygote and ends with death, but during this time the adult individual forms the germ cells that initiate the new cycle. Such a developmental cycle is synonymous with ontogeny in terms of meaning. " G. Egersten (1972) also referred to this situation when thinking of the lower Metazoa pelagobenthos cycle. [4,9,16,17]. In multicellular organisms, the initial stage of ontogeny is the onset of germ cell maturation, not the zygote (B.L. Astaurov, 1964). There are also different opinions about the final stage of ontogeny. Emriologists and morphologists consider this stage to be the period of sexual maturation. Because during this period the formation of tissues and organs is completed. When physiologists and naturalists say that the final stage of ontogeny is death, the Dutch emryologist P. Schmidt calls the life cycle from zygote to zygote, from adult organism to adult organism, ontogeny. If the term ontogeny means the life cycle of organisms, then it should be noted that ontogeny consists of different periods [10,12,15]. Thus, although the developmental cycle of animals and plants has been studied since ancient times, historical data have not yet been fully formed.
The essence of ontogeny. Generally, ontogeny is the sum of the periods of an organism from zygote to natural death. However, ontogeny may not end in death. For example, when a simple amoeba divides and multiplies, when the cercaria is formed from the radium, the ontogeny of the mother amoeba or radium ends, but death does not occur. Z.S. Kaufman (1990) asexual reproduction does not lead to the formation of a new generation, the set of individuals formed from one egg constitutes one generation. The jellyfish form is genetically identical to the polyp form, the difference being age-related. That is why they should not be considered as two different generations. " If in the process of reproduction the organism is completely divided and disappears, and its body is used for the formation of a new organism, then in this case all individuals formed from one organism form a single ontogeny [4,5,6,15,18].
Based on the above analysis, we propose to define ontogeny as follows: ontogeny is the sum of the processes of infinite formation of new individuals from the maturation of the zygote-producing gametes or the beginning of another type of reproduction to the natural death of the individual.
The structure of ontogenesis and its new classification.  (table). Such an ontogeny is called a dying ontogeny if the organism, which is formed by some type of reproduction, undergoes embryonic and postembryonic stages, i.e., reproductive involution, and natural death in old age. For example, vertebrates reproduce sexually and age and die at the end of their lives. [4,9,10,17]. The set of cells formed as a result of a single cell division, as well as the sum of individuals formed by simple division such as simple amoebae, green euglena, and so on, are individuals of the same generation, which must also be considered as a single ontogenetic product. This is because after each division and reproduction, a new individual is formed before the end of ontogeny (without death). These individuals are genetically similar, but may have some differences morphologically and physiologically. In the process of division and reproduction, the mother individual does not die, but is divided into two or more "daughter" individuals. For example, when any cell or simple amoeba divides and multiplies, the mother individual divides to form two new female individuals, and the mother individual divides into female individuals, that is, the female individual forms an organism. In short, in such cases, ontogeny does not end in death, and therefore this aspect of ontogeny is called immortal ontogeny. 2. Types of ontogeny. There are two types of ontogeny: straight and metamorphosed, depending on the degree of development of the new generation, which arises when the organism reproduces, similar to the parental forms. Proper development is similar to the shape of a sexually mature child in terms of the structure of the newborn or egg, the difference is the small size of the body, the inability to fully perform the function of organs, the incomplete formation of certain organs. Some animals also give birth to live larvae or live larvae under various adverse conditions. There are also two types of proper development: 1. Animals that enter the developmental cycle without larvae lay eggs that are rich in yolk. Therefore, a certain part of ontogeny takes place inside the egg laid in the external environment. Metabolism and other physiological processes in the embryo are carried out by the embryonic shell (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois). Larvae-free development occurs in flatworms, gnats, caterpillars, leeches, spiders, some fish, reptiles, birds, and other animals [14]. Completely altered or metamorphosed development emerged during evolution as a device for adapting, reproducing, and surviving an embryo under certain environmental conditions. Under the influence of metamorphosis endocrine system, the larva that hatches from the egg resembles the parental form after several changes. In this way, insects, amphibians develop.  In terms of ontogeny, reproduction can be divided into the following four stages: 1. Reproductive maturation includes all embryonic and postembryonic stages from the beginning of the maturation of the germ cells that make up the step-parent organism to the formation of the zygote and the new individual. takes This stage is relatively long in live-born highly structured animals (mammals) and shorter in egg-laying animals (insects). 2. The reproductive stage includes the stage from the maturation of the germ cells to the laying of the egg or the birth of the embryo, that is, the stage from the beginning of each reproductive process to the laying of the embryo. 3. In the reproductive mesopause stepontogenesis, we propose to call the intermediate stage, which passes from one reproduction of the individual to the second reproduction, the reproductive mesopausal stage of ontogeny. In this case, the number of reproductive mesopauses occurs as many times as an individual's life. For example, if butterflies multiply 6 times in their lifetime, reproductive mesopause occurs 6 times. The reproductive mesopause phase also consists of 3 stages: After reproduction in the first period, the body prepares itself for recovery (such as menstruation or the interphase phase of cell division), In the second period, synthesis processes take place and the organism regenerates itself,in the third stage it is prepared for the next reproduction. Reproductive mesopause lasts only a short time, given that in animals that reproduce by laying eggs, only energy is expended to mature and lay an egg. Therefore, the time from laying one egg to another is relatively short. In animals that give birth to a live child or a live egg, the reproductive mesopause lasts longer because the embryo or live egg is stored in the mother's body for a long time. During this period, reproduction also stops. This period should be called the period of reproductive pause. Because the embryo and mother are directly connected (via the placenta), they have more time to recover and prepare for the next reproduction.